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GMAT Inequalities is a high-frequency topic in GMAT Quant, but many students struggle because the concepts behave differently from standard algebra. Understanding the right rules, patterns, and edge cases can significantly improve both speed and accuracy.- May 06
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07 Jan 2024, 14:57
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The coastal ocean is a bustling ecosystem supporting various human activities, including fishing, energy development, and conservation. Historically, governance has focused on individual activities and species, leading to negative cumulative impacts on ocean ecosystems, such as coral reef decline and species collapses. Conflicts between different ocean and coastal uses, such as scenic views versus wind turbines or conservation versus fishing, have also emerged, prompting the need for ecosystem-based management efforts like ocean planning.
Ocean planning based on ecological principles considers the spatial distribution of species, habitats, and ecological communities. However, current planning lacks a central focus on species redistributions due to climate change, despite calls for its inclusion. Incorporating long-term change into multi-sector ocean plans has been hindered by uncertainty and trade-offs. Revising ocean plans periodically could enable climate adaptation, but this is challenging due to negotiations among stakeholders and long-term legal agreements related to offshore activities.
Alternatively, ocean plans could be initially designed to address climate change impacts, but the effectiveness of such planning remains unclear. One approach for climate adaptation is to create networks of management areas that can act as stepping-stones for shifting species. However, the extent to which these networks can aid in climate adaptation has not been quantified.
To study these issues, researchers examined nine regions on North America's continental shelves where ocean planning efforts are underway. They simulated the multi-sector ocean planning process for conservation, fishing, and energy development zones within each region. Conservation zones aimed to protect at least 10% of locations with occurrences of each species in a region, following the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Target 11. Fishery zones included locations with at least 50% of the biomass of the top 10 fishery species in each region, while energy zones accounted for at least 20% of wind and wave energy resources, aligning with clean energy goals.
According to the passage, what has been a major obstacle to incorporating long-term climate change impacts into ocean planning?
A. The lack of interest from stakeholders in addressing climate change.
B. The difficulty in negotiating offshore energy agreements.
C. The challenge of reviewing ocean plans periodically.
D. Uncertainty and the trade-offs involved.
E. The absence of legal frameworks for climate adaptation.
Ocean planning based on ecological principles considers the spatial distribution of species, habitats, and ecological communities. However, current planning lacks a central focus on species redistributions due to climate change, despite calls for its inclusion. Incorporating long-term change into multi-sector ocean plans has been hindered by uncertainty and trade-offs. Revising ocean plans periodically could enable climate adaptation, but this is challenging due to negotiations among stakeholders and long-term legal agreements related to offshore activities.
Alternatively, ocean plans could be initially designed to address climate change impacts, but the effectiveness of such planning remains unclear. One approach for climate adaptation is to create networks of management areas that can act as stepping-stones for shifting species. However, the extent to which these networks can aid in climate adaptation has not been quantified.
To study these issues, researchers examined nine regions on North America's continental shelves where ocean planning efforts are underway. They simulated the multi-sector ocean planning process for conservation, fishing, and energy development zones within each region. Conservation zones aimed to protect at least 10% of locations with occurrences of each species in a region, following the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Target 11. Fishery zones included locations with at least 50% of the biomass of the top 10 fishery species in each region, while energy zones accounted for at least 20% of wind and wave energy resources, aligning with clean energy goals.
According to the passage, what has been a major obstacle to incorporating long-term climate change impacts into ocean planning?
A. The lack of interest from stakeholders in addressing climate change.
B. The difficulty in negotiating offshore energy agreements.
C. The challenge of reviewing ocean plans periodically.
D. Uncertainty and the trade-offs involved.
E. The absence of legal frameworks for climate adaptation.
07 Jan 2024, 14:57
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Bookmarks
Official Solution:
The coastal ocean is a bustling ecosystem supporting various human activities, including fishing, energy development, and conservation. Historically, governance has focused on individual activities and species, leading to negative cumulative impacts on ocean ecosystems, such as coral reef decline and species collapses. Conflicts between different ocean and coastal uses, such as scenic views versus wind turbines or conservation versus fishing, have also emerged, prompting the need for ecosystem-based management efforts like ocean planning.
Ocean planning based on ecological principles considers the spatial distribution of species, habitats, and ecological communities. However, current planning lacks a central focus on species redistributions due to climate change, despite calls for its inclusion. Incorporating long-term change into multi-sector ocean plans has been hindered by uncertainty and trade-offs. Revising ocean plans periodically could enable climate adaptation, but this is challenging due to negotiations among stakeholders and long-term legal agreements related to offshore activities.
Alternatively, ocean plans could be initially designed to address climate change impacts, but the effectiveness of such planning remains unclear. One approach for climate adaptation is to create networks of management areas that can act as stepping-stones for shifting species. However, the extent to which these networks can aid in climate adaptation has not been quantified.
To study these issues, researchers examined nine regions on North America's continental shelves where ocean planning efforts are underway. They simulated the multi-sector ocean planning process for conservation, fishing, and energy development zones within each region. Conservation zones aimed to protect at least 10% of locations with occurrences of each species in a region, following the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Target 11. Fishery zones included locations with at least 50% of the biomass of the top 10 fishery species in each region, while energy zones accounted for at least 20% of wind and wave energy resources, aligning with clean energy goals.
According to the passage, what has been a major obstacle to incorporating long-term climate change impacts into ocean planning?
A. The lack of interest from stakeholders in addressing climate change.
B. The difficulty in negotiating offshore energy agreements.
C. The challenge of reviewing ocean plans periodically.
D. Uncertainty and the trade-offs involved.
E. The absence of legal frameworks for climate adaptation.
Correct Answer:
D. Uncertainty and the trade-offs involved.
The passage explicitly mentions that "Incorporating long-term change into multi-sector ocean plans has been hindered by uncertainty and trade-offs." This directly points to uncertainty and the need to make trade-offs as significant obstacles in addressing climate change impacts within ocean planning.
A. The lack of interest from stakeholders in addressing climate change.
The passage does not state or imply that stakeholders lack interest in addressing climate change. Instead, it discusses the challenges and obstacles in incorporating climate change impacts, such as uncertainty and trade-offs.
B. The difficulty in negotiating offshore energy agreements.
While the passage does mention negotiations among stakeholders and long-term legal agreements related to offshore activities, it does not identify these as the major obstacle to incorporating long-term climate change impacts. The primary challenge highlighted is uncertainty and trade-offs.
C. The challenge of reviewing ocean plans periodically.
The passage mentions that revising ocean plans periodically could enable climate adaptation and that this is challenging due to negotiations and long-term agreements. However, this choice talks about reviewing which is different from revising. No challenge of reviewing is mentioned or implied.
E. The absence of legal frameworks for climate adaptation.
The passage does not mention the absence of legal frameworks for climate adaptation as an obstacle. Instead, it focuses on uncertainty and trade-offs as the key hindrances.
Thus, option D is the correct answer because it directly addresses the primary obstacle mentioned in the passage, while the other options either misinterpret or do not fully capture the main issue highlighted.
Answer: D
The coastal ocean is a bustling ecosystem supporting various human activities, including fishing, energy development, and conservation. Historically, governance has focused on individual activities and species, leading to negative cumulative impacts on ocean ecosystems, such as coral reef decline and species collapses. Conflicts between different ocean and coastal uses, such as scenic views versus wind turbines or conservation versus fishing, have also emerged, prompting the need for ecosystem-based management efforts like ocean planning.
Ocean planning based on ecological principles considers the spatial distribution of species, habitats, and ecological communities. However, current planning lacks a central focus on species redistributions due to climate change, despite calls for its inclusion. Incorporating long-term change into multi-sector ocean plans has been hindered by uncertainty and trade-offs. Revising ocean plans periodically could enable climate adaptation, but this is challenging due to negotiations among stakeholders and long-term legal agreements related to offshore activities.
Alternatively, ocean plans could be initially designed to address climate change impacts, but the effectiveness of such planning remains unclear. One approach for climate adaptation is to create networks of management areas that can act as stepping-stones for shifting species. However, the extent to which these networks can aid in climate adaptation has not been quantified.
To study these issues, researchers examined nine regions on North America's continental shelves where ocean planning efforts are underway. They simulated the multi-sector ocean planning process for conservation, fishing, and energy development zones within each region. Conservation zones aimed to protect at least 10% of locations with occurrences of each species in a region, following the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Target 11. Fishery zones included locations with at least 50% of the biomass of the top 10 fishery species in each region, while energy zones accounted for at least 20% of wind and wave energy resources, aligning with clean energy goals.
According to the passage, what has been a major obstacle to incorporating long-term climate change impacts into ocean planning?
A. The lack of interest from stakeholders in addressing climate change.
B. The difficulty in negotiating offshore energy agreements.
C. The challenge of reviewing ocean plans periodically.
D. Uncertainty and the trade-offs involved.
E. The absence of legal frameworks for climate adaptation.
Correct Answer:
D. Uncertainty and the trade-offs involved.
The passage explicitly mentions that "Incorporating long-term change into multi-sector ocean plans has been hindered by uncertainty and trade-offs." This directly points to uncertainty and the need to make trade-offs as significant obstacles in addressing climate change impacts within ocean planning.
A. The lack of interest from stakeholders in addressing climate change.
The passage does not state or imply that stakeholders lack interest in addressing climate change. Instead, it discusses the challenges and obstacles in incorporating climate change impacts, such as uncertainty and trade-offs.
B. The difficulty in negotiating offshore energy agreements.
While the passage does mention negotiations among stakeholders and long-term legal agreements related to offshore activities, it does not identify these as the major obstacle to incorporating long-term climate change impacts. The primary challenge highlighted is uncertainty and trade-offs.
C. The challenge of reviewing ocean plans periodically.
The passage mentions that revising ocean plans periodically could enable climate adaptation and that this is challenging due to negotiations and long-term agreements. However, this choice talks about reviewing which is different from revising. No challenge of reviewing is mentioned or implied.
E. The absence of legal frameworks for climate adaptation.
The passage does not mention the absence of legal frameworks for climate adaptation as an obstacle. Instead, it focuses on uncertainty and trade-offs as the key hindrances.
Thus, option D is the correct answer because it directly addresses the primary obstacle mentioned in the passage, while the other options either misinterpret or do not fully capture the main issue highlighted.
Answer: D
07 Jul 2024, 01:30
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Hello,
Option c is also very hard to eliminate. If the plans can be weekly updated, it would be easier to manage tradeoffs by calibrating the plan. The passage also indicates this.
Option c is also very hard to eliminate. If the plans can be weekly updated, it would be easier to manage tradeoffs by calibrating the plan. The passage also indicates this.
