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07 Aug 2026, 12:34
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In a study, researchers repeatedly measured the intraocular pressure of thousands of teenage volunteers over four years. The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day. Since elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment, the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.
In order to assess the force of the researchers' evidence for their conclusion, it would be most helpful to know whether
A. among volunteers whose intraocular pressure was highest at the end of the study, most had already had elevated readings at the start
B. intraocular pressure is a reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared with other eye measurements
C. any other habits common among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly
D. any of the volunteers whose intraocular pressure increased during the study used screens for fewer than six hours per day
E. vision impairment can result from factors that do not involve elevated intraocular pressure
In order to assess the force of the researchers' evidence for their conclusion, it would be most helpful to know whether
A. among volunteers whose intraocular pressure was highest at the end of the study, most had already had elevated readings at the start
B. intraocular pressure is a reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared with other eye measurements
C. any other habits common among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly
D. any of the volunteers whose intraocular pressure increased during the study used screens for fewer than six hours per day
E. vision impairment can result from factors that do not involve elevated intraocular pressure
07 Aug 2026, 12:34
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Official Solution:
In a study, researchers repeatedly measured the intraocular pressure of thousands of teenage volunteers over four years. The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day. Since elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment, the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.
In order to assess the force of the researchers' evidence for their conclusion, it would be most helpful to know whether
A. among volunteers whose intraocular pressure was highest at the end of the study, most had already had elevated readings at the start
B. intraocular pressure is a reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared with other eye measurements
C. any other habits common among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly
D. any of the volunteers whose intraocular pressure increased during the study used screens for fewer than six hours per day
E. vision impairment can result from factors that do not involve elevated intraocular pressure
The conclusion is that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment. The support is that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens heavily, and elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment. The researchers have used a correlation between screen use and faster pressure increases to argue for a causal connection to vision impairment.
(A) Incorrect. The evidence concerns the rate at which intraocular pressure increased over the course of the study, not the absolute level of any volunteer's readings. Whether volunteers with the highest readings at the end already had elevated readings at the start has no bearing on whether the rate of increase was faster among heavy screen users.
(B) Incorrect. The evidence concerns the rate at which intraocular pressure changed during the study, not whether intraocular pressure is the best or most representative eye measurement. Whether it compares favorably with other eye measurements has no bearing on whether the rate of increase correlates with screen use.
(C) Correct. If other habits that tend to accompany heavy screen use - such as reduced physical activity or irregular sleep - also cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly, then those habits rather than screen use itself could be driving the faster increases observed. In that case, the correlation between screen use and pressure increases would not support the conclusion that screen use is the cause. A yes answer weakens the evidence; a no answer confirms that screen use is the likely driver and strengthens it. This directly tests whether the evidence already presented supports the causal conclusion.
(D) Incorrect. The evidence involves a rate comparison - intraocular pressure increased more quickly in heavy screen users, not exclusively in them. Even if some volunteers who used screens for fewer than six hours per day also experienced pressure increases, the rate differential that forms the basis of the argument still holds. A yes answer does not weaken the evidence. A no answer might appear to strengthen the argument, but it does so by adding new evidence rather than by testing the force of the evidence already presented.
(E) Incorrect. The conclusion is that heavy screen use contributes to vision impairment via elevated intraocular pressure. Whether vision impairment can also result from other causes is beside the point - the argument does not claim that elevated intraocular pressure is the only pathway to vision impairment, only that it is one pathway. Neither a yes nor a no answer affects the force of the evidence.
Answer: C
In a study, researchers repeatedly measured the intraocular pressure of thousands of teenage volunteers over four years. The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day. Since elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment, the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.
In order to assess the force of the researchers' evidence for their conclusion, it would be most helpful to know whether
A. among volunteers whose intraocular pressure was highest at the end of the study, most had already had elevated readings at the start
B. intraocular pressure is a reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared with other eye measurements
C. any other habits common among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly
D. any of the volunteers whose intraocular pressure increased during the study used screens for fewer than six hours per day
E. vision impairment can result from factors that do not involve elevated intraocular pressure
The conclusion is that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment. The support is that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens heavily, and elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment. The researchers have used a correlation between screen use and faster pressure increases to argue for a causal connection to vision impairment.
(A) Incorrect. The evidence concerns the rate at which intraocular pressure increased over the course of the study, not the absolute level of any volunteer's readings. Whether volunteers with the highest readings at the end already had elevated readings at the start has no bearing on whether the rate of increase was faster among heavy screen users.
(B) Incorrect. The evidence concerns the rate at which intraocular pressure changed during the study, not whether intraocular pressure is the best or most representative eye measurement. Whether it compares favorably with other eye measurements has no bearing on whether the rate of increase correlates with screen use.
(C) Correct. If other habits that tend to accompany heavy screen use - such as reduced physical activity or irregular sleep - also cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly, then those habits rather than screen use itself could be driving the faster increases observed. In that case, the correlation between screen use and pressure increases would not support the conclusion that screen use is the cause. A yes answer weakens the evidence; a no answer confirms that screen use is the likely driver and strengthens it. This directly tests whether the evidence already presented supports the causal conclusion.
(D) Incorrect. The evidence involves a rate comparison - intraocular pressure increased more quickly in heavy screen users, not exclusively in them. Even if some volunteers who used screens for fewer than six hours per day also experienced pressure increases, the rate differential that forms the basis of the argument still holds. A yes answer does not weaken the evidence. A no answer might appear to strengthen the argument, but it does so by adding new evidence rather than by testing the force of the evidence already presented.
(E) Incorrect. The conclusion is that heavy screen use contributes to vision impairment via elevated intraocular pressure. Whether vision impairment can also result from other causes is beside the point - the argument does not claim that elevated intraocular pressure is the only pathway to vision impairment, only that it is one pathway. Neither a yes nor a no answer affects the force of the evidence.
Answer: C
