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07 Jan 2024, 15:27
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The coastal ocean is a bustling ecosystem supporting various human activities, including fishing, energy development, and conservation. Historically, governance has focused on individual activities and species, leading to negative cumulative impacts on ocean ecosystems, such as coral reef decline and species collapses. Conflicts between different ocean and coastal uses, such as scenic views versus wind turbines or conservation versus fishing, have also emerged, prompting the need for ecosystem-based management efforts like ocean planning.
Ocean planning based on ecological principles considers the spatial distribution of species, habitats, and ecological communities. However, current planning lacks a central focus on species redistributions due to climate change, despite calls for its inclusion. Incorporating long-term change into multi-sector ocean plans has been hindered by uncertainty and trade-offs. Revising ocean plans periodically could enable climate adaptation, but this is challenging due to negotiations among stakeholders and long-term legal agreements related to offshore activities.
Alternatively, ocean plans could be initially designed to address climate change impacts, but the effectiveness of such planning remains unclear. One approach for climate adaptation is to create networks of management areas that can act as stepping-stones for shifting species. However, the extent to which these networks can aid in climate adaptation has not been quantified.
To study these issues, researchers examined nine regions on North America's continental shelves where ocean planning efforts are underway. They simulated the multi-sector ocean planning process for conservation, fishing, and energy development zones within each region. Conservation zones aimed to protect at least 10% of locations with occurrences of each species in a region, following the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Target 11. Fishery zones included locations with at least 50% of the biomass of the top 10 fishery species in each region, while energy zones accounted for at least 20% of wind and wave energy resources, aligning with clean energy goals.
According to the passage, why have ecosystem-based management efforts and ocean planning become increasingly important in coastal ocean governance?
A. To minimize the impact of climate change on ocean ecosystems.
B. To address conflicts between different ocean and coastal uses.
C. To focus on the protection of coral reefs and fishery species.
D. To reduce the prevalence of offshore energy and mineral extraction.
E. To promote the conservation of marine biodiversity.
Ocean planning based on ecological principles considers the spatial distribution of species, habitats, and ecological communities. However, current planning lacks a central focus on species redistributions due to climate change, despite calls for its inclusion. Incorporating long-term change into multi-sector ocean plans has been hindered by uncertainty and trade-offs. Revising ocean plans periodically could enable climate adaptation, but this is challenging due to negotiations among stakeholders and long-term legal agreements related to offshore activities.
Alternatively, ocean plans could be initially designed to address climate change impacts, but the effectiveness of such planning remains unclear. One approach for climate adaptation is to create networks of management areas that can act as stepping-stones for shifting species. However, the extent to which these networks can aid in climate adaptation has not been quantified.
To study these issues, researchers examined nine regions on North America's continental shelves where ocean planning efforts are underway. They simulated the multi-sector ocean planning process for conservation, fishing, and energy development zones within each region. Conservation zones aimed to protect at least 10% of locations with occurrences of each species in a region, following the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Target 11. Fishery zones included locations with at least 50% of the biomass of the top 10 fishery species in each region, while energy zones accounted for at least 20% of wind and wave energy resources, aligning with clean energy goals.
According to the passage, why have ecosystem-based management efforts and ocean planning become increasingly important in coastal ocean governance?
A. To minimize the impact of climate change on ocean ecosystems.
B. To address conflicts between different ocean and coastal uses.
C. To focus on the protection of coral reefs and fishery species.
D. To reduce the prevalence of offshore energy and mineral extraction.
E. To promote the conservation of marine biodiversity.
07 Jan 2024, 15:27
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Official Solution:
The coastal ocean is a bustling ecosystem supporting various human activities, including fishing, energy development, and conservation. Historically, governance has focused on individual activities and species, leading to negative cumulative impacts on ocean ecosystems, such as coral reef decline and species collapses. Conflicts between different ocean and coastal uses, such as scenic views versus wind turbines or conservation versus fishing, have also emerged, prompting the need for ecosystem-based management efforts like ocean planning.
Ocean planning based on ecological principles considers the spatial distribution of species, habitats, and ecological communities. However, current planning lacks a central focus on species redistributions due to climate change, despite calls for its inclusion. Incorporating long-term change into multi-sector ocean plans has been hindered by uncertainty and trade-offs. Revising ocean plans periodically could enable climate adaptation, but this is challenging due to negotiations among stakeholders and long-term legal agreements related to offshore activities.
Alternatively, ocean plans could be initially designed to address climate change impacts, but the effectiveness of such planning remains unclear. One approach for climate adaptation is to create networks of management areas that can act as stepping-stones for shifting species. However, the extent to which these networks can aid in climate adaptation has not been quantified.
To study these issues, researchers examined nine regions on North America's continental shelves where ocean planning efforts are underway. They simulated the multi-sector ocean planning process for conservation, fishing, and energy development zones within each region. Conservation zones aimed to protect at least 10% of locations with occurrences of each species in a region, following the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Target 11. Fishery zones included locations with at least 50% of the biomass of the top 10 fishery species in each region, while energy zones accounted for at least 20% of wind and wave energy resources, aligning with clean energy goals.
According to the passage, why have ecosystem-based management efforts and ocean planning become increasingly important in coastal ocean governance?
A. To minimize the impact of climate change on ocean ecosystems.
B. To address conflicts between different ocean and coastal uses.
C. To focus on the protection of coral reefs and fishery species.
D. To reduce the prevalence of offshore energy and mineral extraction.
E. To promote the conservation of marine biodiversity.
A. Incorrect. The passage indeed mentions climate change and mentions the need to incorporate species redistributions into ocean plans, but it does not say that climate change is the primary reason for adopting ecosystem-based management.
B. Correct Answer. As per the passage: historical governance “focused on individual activities and species” led to "negative cumulative impacts” and that conflicts such as “scenic views versus wind turbines” and “conservation versus fishing” have emerged. It then says: “...prompting the need for ecosystem-based management efforts like ocean planning.” This line supports the idea that conflicts between different coastal and ocean uses are a major driver for comprehensive ocean planning.
C. Incorrect. The prompt for ocean planning is the emergence of use conflicts and cumulative impacts rather than protecting these specific resources alone.
D. Incorrect. Nowhere does the passage suggest an overall goal of reducing these activities; rather, it points to managing or balancing them alongside other uses.
E. Incorrect. Conservation is indeed part of ecosystem-based management’s goals, but the passage cites conflicts among uses and negative cumulative impacts as the impetus.
Answer: B
The coastal ocean is a bustling ecosystem supporting various human activities, including fishing, energy development, and conservation. Historically, governance has focused on individual activities and species, leading to negative cumulative impacts on ocean ecosystems, such as coral reef decline and species collapses. Conflicts between different ocean and coastal uses, such as scenic views versus wind turbines or conservation versus fishing, have also emerged, prompting the need for ecosystem-based management efforts like ocean planning.
Ocean planning based on ecological principles considers the spatial distribution of species, habitats, and ecological communities. However, current planning lacks a central focus on species redistributions due to climate change, despite calls for its inclusion. Incorporating long-term change into multi-sector ocean plans has been hindered by uncertainty and trade-offs. Revising ocean plans periodically could enable climate adaptation, but this is challenging due to negotiations among stakeholders and long-term legal agreements related to offshore activities.
Alternatively, ocean plans could be initially designed to address climate change impacts, but the effectiveness of such planning remains unclear. One approach for climate adaptation is to create networks of management areas that can act as stepping-stones for shifting species. However, the extent to which these networks can aid in climate adaptation has not been quantified.
To study these issues, researchers examined nine regions on North America's continental shelves where ocean planning efforts are underway. They simulated the multi-sector ocean planning process for conservation, fishing, and energy development zones within each region. Conservation zones aimed to protect at least 10% of locations with occurrences of each species in a region, following the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Target 11. Fishery zones included locations with at least 50% of the biomass of the top 10 fishery species in each region, while energy zones accounted for at least 20% of wind and wave energy resources, aligning with clean energy goals.
According to the passage, why have ecosystem-based management efforts and ocean planning become increasingly important in coastal ocean governance?
A. To minimize the impact of climate change on ocean ecosystems.
B. To address conflicts between different ocean and coastal uses.
C. To focus on the protection of coral reefs and fishery species.
D. To reduce the prevalence of offshore energy and mineral extraction.
E. To promote the conservation of marine biodiversity.
A. Incorrect. The passage indeed mentions climate change and mentions the need to incorporate species redistributions into ocean plans, but it does not say that climate change is the primary reason for adopting ecosystem-based management.
B. Correct Answer. As per the passage: historical governance “focused on individual activities and species” led to "negative cumulative impacts” and that conflicts such as “scenic views versus wind turbines” and “conservation versus fishing” have emerged. It then says: “...prompting the need for ecosystem-based management efforts like ocean planning.” This line supports the idea that conflicts between different coastal and ocean uses are a major driver for comprehensive ocean planning.
C. Incorrect. The prompt for ocean planning is the emergence of use conflicts and cumulative impacts rather than protecting these specific resources alone.
D. Incorrect. Nowhere does the passage suggest an overall goal of reducing these activities; rather, it points to managing or balancing them alongside other uses.
E. Incorrect. Conservation is indeed part of ecosystem-based management’s goals, but the passage cites conflicts among uses and negative cumulative impacts as the impetus.
Answer: B
23 Oct 2024, 15:23
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Thank you for the question. It is a very insightful question that shows you have a good understanding of the passage and I am happy to answer it - your answer will be found in the prompt of the question:
According to the passage, why have ecosystem-based management efforts and ocean planning become increasingly important in coastal ocean governance?
The prompt does not ask why ecosystem-based management is important (in which case there would be many items) but why did it become increasingly important and for that, the conflicts is the perfect answer.
According to the passage, why have ecosystem-based management efforts and ocean planning become increasingly important in coastal ocean governance?
The prompt does not ask why ecosystem-based management is important (in which case there would be many items) but why did it become increasingly important and for that, the conflicts is the perfect answer.
