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Question 1
A
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
55%
(hard)
Question Stats:
56% (03:27) correct
44%
(03:19) wrong
based on 783
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
B
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Difficulty:
65%
(hard)
Question Stats:
54% (01:49) correct 46%
(01:50) wrong
based on 985
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
D
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Difficulty:
35%
(medium)
Question Stats:
66% (01:16) correct 34%
(01:25) wrong
based on 912
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
E
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Difficulty:
35%
(medium)
Question Stats:
65% (01:35) correct 35%
(01:13) wrong
based on 912
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 5
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
75%
(hard)
Question Stats:
41% (01:10) correct 59%
(01:23) wrong
based on 848
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
In tracing the changing face of the Irish
landscape, scholars have traditionally relied primarily
on evidence from historical documents. However, such
documentary sources provide a fragmentary record at
(5) best. Reliable accounts are very scarce for many parts
of Ireland prior to the seventeenth century, and many
of the relevant documents from the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries focus selectively on matters
relating to military or commercial interests.
(10) Studies of fossilized pollen grains preserved in
peats and lake muds provide an additional means of
investigating vegetative landscape change. Details of
changes in vegetation resulting from both human
activities and natural events are reflected in the kinds
(15)and quantities of minute pollen grains that become
trapped in sediments. Analysis of samples can identify
which kinds of plants produced the preserved pollen
grains and when they were deposited, and in many
cases the findings can serve to supplement or correct
(20) the documentary record.
For example, analyses of samples from Long
Lough in County Down have revealed significant
patterns of cereal-grain pollen beginning by about 400
A.D. The substantial clay content of the soil in this part
(25) of Down makes cultivation by primitive tools difficult.
Historians thought that such soils were not tilled to
any significant extent until the introduction of the
moldboard plough to Ireland in the seventh century
A.D. Because cereal cultivation would have required
(30) tilling of the soil, the pollen evidence indicates that
these soils must indeed have been successfully tilled
before the introduction of the new plough.
Another example concerns flax cultivation in
County Down, one of the great linen-producing areas
(35) of Ireland during the eighteenth century. Some aspects
of linen production in Down are well documented, but
the documentary record tells little about the cultivation
of flax, the plant from which linen is made, in that
area. The record of eighteenth-century linen
(40) production in Down, together with the knowledge that
flax cultivation had been established in Ireland
centuries before that time, led some historians to
surmise that this plant was being cultivated in Down
before the eighteenth century. But pollen analyses
(45) indicate that this is not the case; flax pollen was found
only in deposits laid down since the eighteenth
century.
It must be stressed, though, that there are limits to
the ability of the pollen record to reflect the vegetative
(50) history of the landscape. For example, pollen analyses
cannot identify the species, but only the genus or
family, of some plants. Among these is madder, a
cultivated dye plant of historical importance in Ireland.
Madder belongs to a plant family that also comprises
(55) various native weeds, including goosegrass. If madder
pollen were present in a deposit it would be
indistinguishable from that of uncultivated native
species.
landscape, scholars have traditionally relied primarily
on evidence from historical documents. However, such
documentary sources provide a fragmentary record at
(5) best. Reliable accounts are very scarce for many parts
of Ireland prior to the seventeenth century, and many
of the relevant documents from the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries focus selectively on matters
relating to military or commercial interests.
(10) Studies of fossilized pollen grains preserved in
peats and lake muds provide an additional means of
investigating vegetative landscape change. Details of
changes in vegetation resulting from both human
activities and natural events are reflected in the kinds
(15)and quantities of minute pollen grains that become
trapped in sediments. Analysis of samples can identify
which kinds of plants produced the preserved pollen
grains and when they were deposited, and in many
cases the findings can serve to supplement or correct
(20) the documentary record.
For example, analyses of samples from Long
Lough in County Down have revealed significant
patterns of cereal-grain pollen beginning by about 400
A.D. The substantial clay content of the soil in this part
(25) of Down makes cultivation by primitive tools difficult.
Historians thought that such soils were not tilled to
any significant extent until the introduction of the
moldboard plough to Ireland in the seventh century
A.D. Because cereal cultivation would have required
(30) tilling of the soil, the pollen evidence indicates that
these soils must indeed have been successfully tilled
before the introduction of the new plough.
Another example concerns flax cultivation in
County Down, one of the great linen-producing areas
(35) of Ireland during the eighteenth century. Some aspects
of linen production in Down are well documented, but
the documentary record tells little about the cultivation
of flax, the plant from which linen is made, in that
area. The record of eighteenth-century linen
(40) production in Down, together with the knowledge that
flax cultivation had been established in Ireland
centuries before that time, led some historians to
surmise that this plant was being cultivated in Down
before the eighteenth century. But pollen analyses
(45) indicate that this is not the case; flax pollen was found
only in deposits laid down since the eighteenth
century.
It must be stressed, though, that there are limits to
the ability of the pollen record to reflect the vegetative
(50) history of the landscape. For example, pollen analyses
cannot identify the species, but only the genus or
family, of some plants. Among these is madder, a
cultivated dye plant of historical importance in Ireland.
Madder belongs to a plant family that also comprises
(55) various native weeds, including goosegrass. If madder
pollen were present in a deposit it would be
indistinguishable from that of uncultivated native
species.
1. Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
(A) Analysis of fossilized pollen is a useful means of supplementing and in some cases correcting other sources of information regarding changes in the Irish landscape.
(B) Analyses of historical documents, together with pollen evidence, have led to the revision of some previously accepted hypotheses regarding changes in the Irish landscape.
(C) Analysis of fossilized pollen has proven to be a valuable tool in the identification of ancient plant species.
(D) Analysis of fossilized pollen has provided new evidence that the cultivation of such crops as cereal grains, flax, and madder had a significant impact on the landscape of Ireland.
(E) While pollen evidence can sometimes supplement other sources of historical information, its applicability is severely limited, since it cannot be used to identify plant species.
(A) Analysis of fossilized pollen is a useful means of supplementing and in some cases correcting other sources of information regarding changes in the Irish landscape.
(B) Analyses of historical documents, together with pollen evidence, have led to the revision of some previously accepted hypotheses regarding changes in the Irish landscape.
(C) Analysis of fossilized pollen has proven to be a valuable tool in the identification of ancient plant species.
(D) Analysis of fossilized pollen has provided new evidence that the cultivation of such crops as cereal grains, flax, and madder had a significant impact on the landscape of Ireland.
(E) While pollen evidence can sometimes supplement other sources of historical information, its applicability is severely limited, since it cannot be used to identify plant species.
2. The passage indicates that pollen analyses have provided evidence against which one of the following views?
(A) The moldboard plough was introduced into Ireland in the seventh century.
(B) In certain parts of County Down, cereal grains were not cultivated to any significant extent before the seventh century.
(C) In certain parts of Ireland, cereal grains have been cultivated continuously since the introduction of the moldboard plough.
(D) Cereal grain cultivation requires successful tilling of the soil.
(E) Cereal grain cultivation began in County Down around 400 A.D.
(A) The moldboard plough was introduced into Ireland in the seventh century.
(B) In certain parts of County Down, cereal grains were not cultivated to any significant extent before the seventh century.
(C) In certain parts of Ireland, cereal grains have been cultivated continuously since the introduction of the moldboard plough.
(D) Cereal grain cultivation requires successful tilling of the soil.
(E) Cereal grain cultivation began in County Down around 400 A.D.
3. The phrase “documentary record” (lines 20 and 37) primarily refers to
(A) documented results of analyses of fossilized pollen
(B) the kinds and quantities of fossilized pollen grains preserved in peats and lake muds
(C) written and pictorial descriptions by current historians of the events and landscapes of past centuries
(D) government and commercial records, maps, and similar documents produced in the past that recorded conditions and events of that time
(E) articles, books, and other documents by current historians listing and analyzing all the available evidence regarding a particular historical period
(A) documented results of analyses of fossilized pollen
(B) the kinds and quantities of fossilized pollen grains preserved in peats and lake muds
(C) written and pictorial descriptions by current historians of the events and landscapes of past centuries
(D) government and commercial records, maps, and similar documents produced in the past that recorded conditions and events of that time
(E) articles, books, and other documents by current historians listing and analyzing all the available evidence regarding a particular historical period
4. The passage indicates that prior to the use of pollen analysis in the study of the history of the Irish landscape, at least some historians believed which one of the following?
(A) The Irish landscape had experienced significant flooding during the seventeenth century.
(B) Cereal grain was not cultivated anywhere in Ireland until at least the seventh century.
(C) The history of the Irish landscape during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was well documented.
(D) Madder was not used as a dye plant in Ireland until after the eighteenth century.
(E) The beginning of flax cultivation in County Down may well have occurred before the eighteenth century.
(A) The Irish landscape had experienced significant flooding during the seventeenth century.
(B) Cereal grain was not cultivated anywhere in Ireland until at least the seventh century.
(C) The history of the Irish landscape during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was well documented.
(D) Madder was not used as a dye plant in Ireland until after the eighteenth century.
(E) The beginning of flax cultivation in County Down may well have occurred before the eighteenth century.
5. Which one of the following most accurately describes the relationship between the second paragraph and the final paragraph?
(A) The second paragraph proposes a hypothesis for which the final paragraph offers a supporting example.
(B) The final paragraph describes a problem that must be solved before the method advocated in the second paragraph can be considered viable.
(C) The final paragraph qualifies the claim made in the second paragraph.
(D) The second paragraph describes a view against which the author intends to argue, and the final paragraph states the author’s argument against that view.
(E) The final paragraph offers procedures to supplement the method described in the second paragraph.
(A) The second paragraph proposes a hypothesis for which the final paragraph offers a supporting example.
(B) The final paragraph describes a problem that must be solved before the method advocated in the second paragraph can be considered viable.
(C) The final paragraph qualifies the claim made in the second paragraph.
(D) The second paragraph describes a view against which the author intends to argue, and the final paragraph states the author’s argument against that view.
(E) The final paragraph offers procedures to supplement the method described in the second paragraph.
30 Jul 2019, 01:21
Kudos
Bookmarks
Explanation
5. Which one of the following most accurately describes the relationship between the second paragraph and the final paragraph?
Explanation
The second paragraph shows how pollen can be useful (pollen analysis lets us know which types of plants were grown in an area).
The final paragraph mentions the limits of pollen analysis (sometimes, species can’t be distinguished).
A. The final paragraph is in contrast with the second: paragraph 5 tells us ways in which pollen analysis is limited.
B. This is a trap. Paragraph 5 is not saying “Don’t use pollen analysis until it can identify madder”. Instead, it’s saying “Use pollen analysis, but be careful: it won’t help identify madder.”
C. CORRECT. See the analysis above. “Qualifies” means to make a statement less absolute. So if I say “Use logic, but remember it may not work in emotional situations”, then I’m “qualifying” the idea that you should use logic. That’s exactly what paragraph 5 does: It tells us of some situations where pollen analysis doesn’t work.
D. Nonsense. Paragraph 2 is the author’s view. The use of “for example” at the start of paragraph 3 makes clear that all of paragraph 2 was the author’s opinion.
E. No. The final paragraph is telling us when not to use the method described in the second paragraph.
Answer: C
Explanation
The second paragraph shows how pollen can be useful (pollen analysis lets us know which types of plants were grown in an area).
The final paragraph mentions the limits of pollen analysis (sometimes, species can’t be distinguished).
A. The final paragraph is in contrast with the second: paragraph 5 tells us ways in which pollen analysis is limited.
B. This is a trap. Paragraph 5 is not saying “Don’t use pollen analysis until it can identify madder”. Instead, it’s saying “Use pollen analysis, but be careful: it won’t help identify madder.”
C. CORRECT. See the analysis above. “Qualifies” means to make a statement less absolute. So if I say “Use logic, but remember it may not work in emotional situations”, then I’m “qualifying” the idea that you should use logic. That’s exactly what paragraph 5 does: It tells us of some situations where pollen analysis doesn’t work.
D. Nonsense. Paragraph 2 is the author’s view. The use of “for example” at the start of paragraph 3 makes clear that all of paragraph 2 was the author’s opinion.
E. No. The final paragraph is telling us when not to use the method described in the second paragraph.
Answer: C
Hope it helps
General Discussion
30 Jul 2019, 01:29
Kudos
Bookmarks
Explanation
4. The passage indicates that prior to the use of pollen analysis in the study of the history of the Irish landscape, at least some historians believed which one of the following?
Explanation
This is very similar to question 2. The two overturned views were in paragraphs 3 and 4.
Paragraph 3: soils in Long Lough weren’t tilled until the moldboard plough was introduced in the 7th century.
Paragraph 4: Flax was probably produced in County Down earlier than the 17th century.
A. I may have missed it, but I don’t think flooding was ever mentioned in the passage.
B. Too broad. Paragraph 3 only says that cereal grain wasn’t cultivated in one specific area: the clay soils of Long Lough in County Down. The rest of Ireland probably cultivated cereal grains (such as wheat). This is doubtful. Lines 5-9 say that the history of the Irish landscape during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was not well documented.
C. And historians traditionally use historical documents (lines 1-3), so they would have been aware of this lack.
D. This answer mixes up paragraphs 4 and 5. The 18th century was only mentioned in reference to flax. It has nothing to do with madder.
E. CORRECT. Lines 42-44 say this directly.
Answer: E
Explanation
This is very similar to question 2. The two overturned views were in paragraphs 3 and 4.
Paragraph 3: soils in Long Lough weren’t tilled until the moldboard plough was introduced in the 7th century.
Paragraph 4: Flax was probably produced in County Down earlier than the 17th century.
A. I may have missed it, but I don’t think flooding was ever mentioned in the passage.
B. Too broad. Paragraph 3 only says that cereal grain wasn’t cultivated in one specific area: the clay soils of Long Lough in County Down. The rest of Ireland probably cultivated cereal grains (such as wheat). This is doubtful. Lines 5-9 say that the history of the Irish landscape during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was not well documented.
C. And historians traditionally use historical documents (lines 1-3), so they would have been aware of this lack.
D. This answer mixes up paragraphs 4 and 5. The 18th century was only mentioned in reference to flax. It has nothing to do with madder.
E. CORRECT. Lines 42-44 say this directly.
Answer: E
Hope it helps
