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Gmatsaiyan
Posts: 749
Updated on: 12 Nov 2021, 13:12
Originally posted by Gmatsaiyan on 26 Oct 2018, 05:07.
Last edited by Sajjad1994 on 12 Nov 2021, 13:12, edited 2 times in total.
Last edited by Sajjad1994 on 12 Nov 2021, 13:12, edited 2 times in total.
Updated.
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Question 1
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
75%
(hard)
Question Stats:
47% (03:02) correct
53%
(03:08) wrong
based on 622
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
Question Stats:
66% (00:35) correct 34%
(00:51) wrong
based on 787
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
87% (00:49) correct 13%
(01:09) wrong
based on 762
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
85%
(hard)
Question Stats:
36% (01:06) correct 64%
(00:57) wrong
based on 759
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Aristotle RC 99 - Passage 10
The tsetse fly, belonging to any of approximately twenty species composing the genus Glossina, is indigenous to Africa and is found primarily in forests and savannahs south of the Tropic of Cancer. Dependent on vertebrate blood for nourishment, the tsetse fly is equipped with a long proboscis which is sharp enough to penetrate most animal skins and powerful enough to enable the tsetse to drink quantities of blood up to three times its own body weight.
At the same time that the tsetse drains blood, it can also transmit a variety of dangerous diseases. A bite from a tsetse fly can induce African sleeping sickness in human beings and nagana, a similar ailment, in domestic livestock. The agent of these diseases is the trypanosome, a unicellular, flagellated parasite which feeds primarily on the blood of vertebrates and is generally transmitted by an intermediary leech or insect host, such as the tsetse fly. In humans the trypanosome causes damage to the brain and spinal cord, leading to extreme lethargy and, ultimately, death; in livestock, trypanosomes destroy red blood cells, causing fatal anaemia.
The immune system is ill-equipped to counter trypanosomes. As the immune system attempts to counter disease, antibodies are produced to attack microbes whose antigens, surface proteins, are foreign to the body. However, the trypanosome is capable of disguising itself by altering its genetic code, thereby changing its antigen coating in resistance to each new antibody that evolves. This ―quick change‖ has confounded pathologists and made the development of effective vaccines elusive.
A controversy has been sparked between proponents of the elimination of the tsetse fly and African environmentalists. Those in favour of eradication feel that in addition to reducing disease, the removal of the tsetse fly will open immense tracts of land to cattle breeding. This, however, is precisely what the opposition fears. Environmentalists and conservationists dread the day when cattle and livestock, permitted to roam and graze freely, will uncontrollably devour plush African grasslands, converting them into barren desert. They argue that the tsetse fly must remain for the sake of the land.
With efforts to eradicate the tsetse fly largely unsuccessful, control may offer the only available option for the interests of both health and environment. Since the protozoan cannot be conquered through antibodies or vaccines, scientists have begun efforts to prevent the transmission of the trypanosome parasite by eliminating the tsetse. Attempts to eradicate the tsetse fly, however, have met with little success. Rhodesia used to combat tsetse by extensive brush cleaning, game shooting, and chemical attack, yet the fly persisted. Aerial pesticide treatments have produced inconclusive results.
The reproductive cycle of the tsetse fly is such that a larva pupates underground for several weeks before it emerges as an adult fly. This makes repetitive chemical sweeping at intermittent periods an inconvenient necessity. All of these methods, however, share theweakness of dependence on harmful chemicals, such as DDT, which threaten both the health of the humans who handle them and the environment in which their toxic residues amass.
At the same time that the tsetse drains blood, it can also transmit a variety of dangerous diseases. A bite from a tsetse fly can induce African sleeping sickness in human beings and nagana, a similar ailment, in domestic livestock. The agent of these diseases is the trypanosome, a unicellular, flagellated parasite which feeds primarily on the blood of vertebrates and is generally transmitted by an intermediary leech or insect host, such as the tsetse fly. In humans the trypanosome causes damage to the brain and spinal cord, leading to extreme lethargy and, ultimately, death; in livestock, trypanosomes destroy red blood cells, causing fatal anaemia.
The immune system is ill-equipped to counter trypanosomes. As the immune system attempts to counter disease, antibodies are produced to attack microbes whose antigens, surface proteins, are foreign to the body. However, the trypanosome is capable of disguising itself by altering its genetic code, thereby changing its antigen coating in resistance to each new antibody that evolves. This ―quick change‖ has confounded pathologists and made the development of effective vaccines elusive.
A controversy has been sparked between proponents of the elimination of the tsetse fly and African environmentalists. Those in favour of eradication feel that in addition to reducing disease, the removal of the tsetse fly will open immense tracts of land to cattle breeding. This, however, is precisely what the opposition fears. Environmentalists and conservationists dread the day when cattle and livestock, permitted to roam and graze freely, will uncontrollably devour plush African grasslands, converting them into barren desert. They argue that the tsetse fly must remain for the sake of the land.
With efforts to eradicate the tsetse fly largely unsuccessful, control may offer the only available option for the interests of both health and environment. Since the protozoan cannot be conquered through antibodies or vaccines, scientists have begun efforts to prevent the transmission of the trypanosome parasite by eliminating the tsetse. Attempts to eradicate the tsetse fly, however, have met with little success. Rhodesia used to combat tsetse by extensive brush cleaning, game shooting, and chemical attack, yet the fly persisted. Aerial pesticide treatments have produced inconclusive results.
The reproductive cycle of the tsetse fly is such that a larva pupates underground for several weeks before it emerges as an adult fly. This makes repetitive chemical sweeping at intermittent periods an inconvenient necessity. All of these methods, however, share theweakness of dependence on harmful chemicals, such as DDT, which threaten both the health of the humans who handle them and the environment in which their toxic residues amass.
1. All of the following statements correctly describe the relationship between the tsetse fly, the trypanosome, and vertebrates EXCEPT:
A. vertebrate blood provides the nourishment for the transport of trypanosomes.
B. the ―bite‖ of a tsetse fly can kill vertebrates since it often injects a deadly chemical.
C. both the tsetse fly and the trypanosome utilize vertebrate blood for nourishment.
D. vertebrates may die after trypanosome contamination via a tsetse proboscis.
E. the tse tse fly transfers the trypanosome into the vertebrates‘ bodies
2. In the passage, the author does NOT identify which of the following as a characteristic of the tsetse fly?
A. dependence upon vertebrate blood
B. ability to transmit a fatal parasite to livestock and humans
C. ability to alter its genetic code
D. ability to influence the African cattle population
E. its larva pupates for several weeks beneath the ground
3. According to African environmentalists, which of the following accurately describes the effect the tsetse fly has on the African grasslands?
A. If the tsetse fly population continues to exist, the African grasslands will turn into barren wasteland.
B. If the tsetse fly population continues to exist, the African grasslands will not be able to provide sufficient food supply for African cattle and livestock.
C. Destruction of the tsetse fly population will lead to the conversion of grasslands into desert.
D. Destruction of the tsetse fly population will cause overgrowth of the African grasslands.
E. Tse tse fly has no impact on grasslands, it only impacts vertebrates
A. If the tsetse fly population continues to exist, the African grasslands will turn into barren wasteland.
B. If the tsetse fly population continues to exist, the African grasslands will not be able to provide sufficient food supply for African cattle and livestock.
C. Destruction of the tsetse fly population will lead to the conversion of grasslands into desert.
D. Destruction of the tsetse fly population will cause overgrowth of the African grasslands.
E. Tse tse fly has no impact on grasslands, it only impacts vertebrates
4. What is the primary purpose of the fourth paragraph in the passage
A. to decsribe the harmful effects of the tse tse fly
B. to argue that the proliferation of tse tse flies can lead to large scale deforestation of African grasslands
C. to discuss a beneficial impact of tse tse flies
D. to state that efforts to eradicate the tse tse flies have generally proved
to be ineffective
E. to discuss the reproductive cycle of a tse tse fly
A. to decsribe the harmful effects of the tse tse fly
B. to argue that the proliferation of tse tse flies can lead to large scale deforestation of African grasslands
C. to discuss a beneficial impact of tse tse flies
D. to state that efforts to eradicate the tse tse flies have generally proved
to be ineffective
E. to discuss the reproductive cycle of a tse tse fly
New Project RC Butler 2019 - Practice 2 RC Passages Everyday
Passage # 364, Date : 01-Oct-2019
This post is a part of New Project RC Butler 2019. Click here for Details
Passage # 364, Date : 01-Oct-2019
This post is a part of New Project RC Butler 2019. Click here for Details
Gmatsaiyan
Posts: 749
26 Oct 2018, 05:08
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Topic and Scope
- The author discusses the health crisis caused by the tsetse fly and the environmental problems caused by attempts to eradicate it.Mapping the Passage
¶1 introduces general information about the tsetse fly.
¶2 discusses diseases caused by the fly.
¶3 discusses the reasons the immune system responds poorly to a parasite transmitted by the fly.
¶4 summarizes the controversy between African environmentalists and those who want to eliminate the tsetse fly.
¶s5 and 6 outline strategies that have been used to destroy the fly itself, and their
potential environmental drawbacks.
Gmatsaiyan
Posts: 749
26 Oct 2018, 05:10
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Answers and Explanations OE
1)
Refer back to your map and the passage to eliminate details that are in the passage, keeping an eye out for one that contradicts a claim made in the passage.(B) suggests a mechanism for illness completely different from the parasitic transmission the passage discusses.
(A): Opposite. This is mentioned in ¶2.
(B): The correct answer
(C): Opposite. This can be deduced from information in ¶s 1 and 2 about each of the two organisms.
(D): Opposite. As above, this can be deduced from information about the fly and the parasite in ¶s 1 and 2, respectively.
(E): Opposite. This is mentioned in ¶2.
2)
As in the last question, keep an eye on the passage and the map while looking for a choice that doesn‘t fit the passage‘s evidence and explanation. (C) attributes a characteristic of the trypanosome parasite (described in ¶3) to the fly itself.(A): Opposite. This is mentioned in ¶1.
(B): Opposite. This is the topic of ¶2.
(C): The correct answer
(D):Opposite. A little removed from the other choices, but this can be inferred from the environmentalists‘ concerns in ¶4.
(E): Opposite. This is mentioned in ¶6.
3)
Summarize the point made by the environmentalists in ¶4: the fly keeps herd animal populations in check and thereby prevents them from destroying the African grasslands. (C) restates this point.(A): Opposite. The environmentalists argue that the grasslands will disappear if the tsetse fly is eliminated.
(B): Opposite. As above, they believe that the tsetse prevents this situation from happening.
(C): The correct answer
(D): Opposite. The environmentalists believe that destruction of the fly will lead to destruction of the grasslands.
(E): Incorrect. The tse tse fly does not have an indirect effect on the grasslands by restricting the population of cattle
Strategy Point: You've now researched this information in ¶4 three times. On test day, make sure to use previous research to answer questions quickly and score easy points.
4)
The first three paragraphs of the passage describe the negative impact of tse tse flies but this paragraph provides an indirect benefit of the flies – protection of grasslands. ‗C‘ captures this perfectly.(A): Opposite. This paragraph actually describes a benefit of the tse tse fly
(B): Opposite. It is actually the eradication of tse tse flies that can lead to deforestation of African grasslands
(C): The correct answer
(D): Distortion. This is actually stated in the fifth paragraph
(E): Too specific to be the correct answer
