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Updated on: 06 Nov 2020, 01:26
Originally posted by Evo23 on 30 May 2020, 01:21.
Last edited by Sajjad1994 on 06 Nov 2020, 01:26, edited 1 time in total.
Last edited by Sajjad1994 on 06 Nov 2020, 01:26, edited 1 time in total.
Removed one question and updated OAs
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Question 1
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
80% (02:01) correct
20%
(01:53) wrong
based on 402
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
35%
(medium)
Question Stats:
59% (00:53) correct 41%
(00:49) wrong
based on 278
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
Question Stats:
69% (00:50) correct 31%
(01:03) wrong
based on 252
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Project RC Butler 2020 - Participate and win GMAT Club Tests.
Passage # 119, Date: 30-May-2020
This post is a part of Project RC Butler 2020. Click here for Details
Passage # 119, Date: 30-May-2020
This post is a part of Project RC Butler 2020. Click here for Details
Although pathogenic organisms constantly alight on the skin, they find it a very unfavorable environment and, in the absence of injury, have great difficulty colonizing it. This “self-sterilizing” capacity of the skin results from the tendency of all well-developed ecosystems toward homeostasis, or the maintenance of the status quo.
Species that typically live in soil, water, and elsewhere rarely multiply on the skin. Undamaged skin is also unfavorable to most human pathogens. The skin is too acid and too arid for some species. The constant shedding of the surface skin layers further hinders the establishment of invaders. The most interesting defense mechanism, however, results from the metabolic activities of the resident flora. Unsaturated fatty acids, an important component of the lipids in sebum collected from the skin surface, inhibit the growth of several bacterial and fungal cutaneous pathogens. These acids are a metabolic product of certain gram-positive members of the cutaneous community, which break down the more complex lipids in freshly secreted sebum.
Species that typically live in soil, water, and elsewhere rarely multiply on the skin. Undamaged skin is also unfavorable to most human pathogens. The skin is too acid and too arid for some species. The constant shedding of the surface skin layers further hinders the establishment of invaders. The most interesting defense mechanism, however, results from the metabolic activities of the resident flora. Unsaturated fatty acids, an important component of the lipids in sebum collected from the skin surface, inhibit the growth of several bacterial and fungal cutaneous pathogens. These acids are a metabolic product of certain gram-positive members of the cutaneous community, which break down the more complex lipids in freshly secreted sebum.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) offer an analysis of metabolic processes
(B) detail the ways in which bacteria and fungi can be inhibited
(C) describe mechanisms by which the skin protects itself against pathogens
(D) analyze the methods whereby biological systems maintain the status quo
(E) provide a specific example of the skin’s basic defenses against pathogens
(A) offer an analysis of metabolic processes
(B) detail the ways in which bacteria and fungi can be inhibited
(C) describe mechanisms by which the skin protects itself against pathogens
(D) analyze the methods whereby biological systems maintain the status quo
(E) provide a specific example of the skin’s basic defenses against pathogens
2. Among the natural defenses of the skin against pathogenic organisms are all of the following EXCEPT the
(A) dryness of the skin
(B) acidity of the skin
(C) tendency of the pathogens toward homeostasis
(D) shedding of surface layers of the skin
(E) metabolic breakdown of lipids
(A) dryness of the skin
(B) acidity of the skin
(C) tendency of the pathogens toward homeostasis
(D) shedding of surface layers of the skin
(E) metabolic breakdown of lipids
3. The author presents her material in which of the following ways?
(A) Stating a problem and then supplying a solution
(B) Presenting a phenomenon and then analyzing reason for it
(C) Providing information and then drawing a conclusion from it
(D) Making a general statement and then arguing by analogy
(E) Making an inference and then developing it by illustration
(A) Stating a problem and then supplying a solution
(B) Presenting a phenomenon and then analyzing reason for it
(C) Providing information and then drawing a conclusion from it
(D) Making a general statement and then arguing by analogy
(E) Making an inference and then developing it by illustration
01 Jun 2020, 10:29
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Para1:
Self sterilizing functionality prevents Pathogenic organisms (P) to alight on the skin .
Para2: Some reasons for preventing establishment of invaders.
Most interesting reason: metabolic activities of the resident flora and its explanation
Summary: Reasons why pathogens dnt alight on skin
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) offer an analysis of metabolic processes
>>it is just one part of 2nd para
(B) detail the ways in which bacteria and fungi can be inhibited
>>it is just one part of 2nd para
(C) describe mechanisms by which the skin protects itself against pathogens-CORRECT
>> matches our pre-thinking
(D) analyze the methods whereby biological systems maintain the status quo
>>>>it is just one part of 1st para
(E) provide a specific example of the skin’s basic defenses against pathogens
>>passage says some reasons why pathogens don't alight on skin and how skin protects against them
2. The “resident flora” mentioned in line 16 refer to
The most interesting defense mechanism, however, results from the metabolic activities of the resident flora. Unsaturated fatty acids, an important component of the lipids in sebum collected from the skin surface, inhibit the growth of several bacterial and fungal cutaneous pathogens. These acids are a metabolic product of certain gram-positive members of the cutaneous community, which break down the more complex lipids in freshly secreted sebum.
>> means:
Unsaturated fatty acids in lipids in sebum at skin surface: because of this P cant grow
These products are from metabolic product of c community which breaks lipids in S.
Metabolic activities of the resident flora == metabolic product of certain gram-positive members of the cutaneous community, which breaks lipids in S.
(A) “Unsaturated fatty acids” (line 17)
(B) “sebum collected from the skin surface” (lines 18-19)
(C) “bacterial and fungal cutaneous pathogens” (lines 19-20)
(D) “certain gram-positive members of the cutaneous community” (lines 21-22)-CORRECT
(E) “more complex lipids” (lines 23)
3. Among the natural defenses of the skin against pathogenic organisms are all of the following EXCEPT the
(A) dryness of the skin
>> too arid for some species( if you don’t know meaning of arid , you can look for other choices first)
(B) acidity of the skin
>> The skin is too acid
(C) tendency of the pathogens toward homeostasis-CORRECT
>> the tendency of all well-developed ecosystems toward homeostasis or the maintenance of the status quo.-> definitely it is not talking about tendency of the pathogens toward homeostasis
(D) shedding of surface layers of the skin
>> The constant shedding of the surface skin
(E) metabolic breakdown of lipids
>> Lipids in sebum collected from the skin surface, inhibit the growth of several bacterial and fungal cutaneous pathogens. Interesting defense mechanism, however, results from the metabolic activities
4. The author presents her material in which of the following ways?
(A) Stating a problem and then supplying a solution
>>topic: pathogenic organisms constantly alight on the skin ( the passage didn’t mention it’s a problem that skin can not protect and hwo can skin protect)-
(B) Presenting a phenomenon and then analyzing reason for it-CORRECT
>> phenomenon: skin do self protection
Then reasons how skin save against pathogens
(C) Providing information and then drawing a conclusion from it
>>this passage talks only about many reasons of how skin protect with each other after the topic was in initiated at first line of passage.
(D) Making a general statement and then arguing by analogy
>>no arguments; just reasons
(E) Making an inference and then developing it by illustration
>> just reasons of skin protection against pathogens
Self sterilizing functionality prevents Pathogenic organisms (P) to alight on the skin .
Para2: Some reasons for preventing establishment of invaders.
Most interesting reason: metabolic activities of the resident flora and its explanation
Summary: Reasons why pathogens dnt alight on skin
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) offer an analysis of metabolic processes
>>it is just one part of 2nd para
(B) detail the ways in which bacteria and fungi can be inhibited
>>it is just one part of 2nd para
(C) describe mechanisms by which the skin protects itself against pathogens-CORRECT
>> matches our pre-thinking
(D) analyze the methods whereby biological systems maintain the status quo
>>>>it is just one part of 1st para
(E) provide a specific example of the skin’s basic defenses against pathogens
>>passage says some reasons why pathogens don't alight on skin and how skin protects against them
2. The “resident flora” mentioned in line 16 refer to
The most interesting defense mechanism, however, results from the metabolic activities of the resident flora. Unsaturated fatty acids, an important component of the lipids in sebum collected from the skin surface, inhibit the growth of several bacterial and fungal cutaneous pathogens. These acids are a metabolic product of certain gram-positive members of the cutaneous community, which break down the more complex lipids in freshly secreted sebum.
>> means:
Unsaturated fatty acids in lipids in sebum at skin surface: because of this P cant grow
These products are from metabolic product of c community which breaks lipids in S.
Metabolic activities of the resident flora == metabolic product of certain gram-positive members of the cutaneous community, which breaks lipids in S.
(A) “Unsaturated fatty acids” (line 17)
(B) “sebum collected from the skin surface” (lines 18-19)
(C) “bacterial and fungal cutaneous pathogens” (lines 19-20)
(D) “certain gram-positive members of the cutaneous community” (lines 21-22)-CORRECT
(E) “more complex lipids” (lines 23)
3. Among the natural defenses of the skin against pathogenic organisms are all of the following EXCEPT the
(A) dryness of the skin
>> too arid for some species( if you don’t know meaning of arid , you can look for other choices first)
(B) acidity of the skin
>> The skin is too acid
(C) tendency of the pathogens toward homeostasis-CORRECT
>> the tendency of all well-developed ecosystems toward homeostasis or the maintenance of the status quo.-> definitely it is not talking about tendency of the pathogens toward homeostasis
(D) shedding of surface layers of the skin
>> The constant shedding of the surface skin
(E) metabolic breakdown of lipids
>> Lipids in sebum collected from the skin surface, inhibit the growth of several bacterial and fungal cutaneous pathogens. Interesting defense mechanism, however, results from the metabolic activities
4. The author presents her material in which of the following ways?
(A) Stating a problem and then supplying a solution
>>topic: pathogenic organisms constantly alight on the skin ( the passage didn’t mention it’s a problem that skin can not protect and hwo can skin protect)-
(B) Presenting a phenomenon and then analyzing reason for it-CORRECT
>> phenomenon: skin do self protection
Then reasons how skin save against pathogens
(C) Providing information and then drawing a conclusion from it
>>this passage talks only about many reasons of how skin protect with each other after the topic was in initiated at first line of passage.
(D) Making a general statement and then arguing by analogy
>>no arguments; just reasons
(E) Making an inference and then developing it by illustration
>> just reasons of skin protection against pathogens
04 Jun 2020, 04:11
Kudos
Bookmarks
(1) The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) offer an analysis of metabolic processes
(B) detail the ways in which bacteria and fungi can be inhibited
(C) describe mechanisms by which the skin protects itself against pathogens - the first paragraph introduces the “self-sterilizing” capacity of the skin, while the second paragraph describes how the skin protects itself. hence, (C) is the right answer choice
(D) analyze the methods whereby biological systems maintain the status quo
(E) provide a specific example of the skin’s basic defenses against pathogens
(2) The “resident flora” mentioned in line 16 refer to
Flora refers to something that is living. since (A), (B), and (E) are not living in nature, we can eliminate (A), (B), and (E)
If we go on to read the second paragraph, we get to understand that the fatty acids inhibit the growth of several bacterial and fungal cutaneous pathogens; These acids are a metabolic product of certain gram-positive members of the cutaneous community. Hence, it is these certain gram-positive members that create the fatty acids. Hence, the ''flora'' must refer to these "certain gram-positive members". This is what we have in (D)
(D) “certain gram-positive members of the cutaneous community” (lines 21-22)
Hence, (D) is the right answer choice.
(3) Among the natural defenses of the skin against pathogenic organisms are all of the following EXCEPT the
(A) dryness of the skin
(B) acidity of the skin
(C) tendency of the pathogens toward homeostasis - not mentioned anywhere in the passage. Hence, (C) is the right answer to this EXCEPT question.
(D) shedding of surface layers of the skin
(E) metabolic breakdown of lipids
(4) The author presents her material in which of the following ways?
The author presents the "self sterilizing" phenomena of the skin in the first paragraph. She then goes on to further explain/provide examples of this phenomena in the second paragraph. This is accurately described in (B).
(B) Presenting a phenomenon and then analyzing reason for it
Hence, (B) is the right answer choice.
(A) offer an analysis of metabolic processes
(B) detail the ways in which bacteria and fungi can be inhibited
(C) describe mechanisms by which the skin protects itself against pathogens - the first paragraph introduces the “self-sterilizing” capacity of the skin, while the second paragraph describes how the skin protects itself. hence, (C) is the right answer choice
(D) analyze the methods whereby biological systems maintain the status quo
(E) provide a specific example of the skin’s basic defenses against pathogens
(2) The “resident flora” mentioned in line 16 refer to
Flora refers to something that is living. since (A), (B), and (E) are not living in nature, we can eliminate (A), (B), and (E)
If we go on to read the second paragraph, we get to understand that the fatty acids inhibit the growth of several bacterial and fungal cutaneous pathogens; These acids are a metabolic product of certain gram-positive members of the cutaneous community. Hence, it is these certain gram-positive members that create the fatty acids. Hence, the ''flora'' must refer to these "certain gram-positive members". This is what we have in (D)
(D) “certain gram-positive members of the cutaneous community” (lines 21-22)
Hence, (D) is the right answer choice.
(3) Among the natural defenses of the skin against pathogenic organisms are all of the following EXCEPT the
(A) dryness of the skin
(B) acidity of the skin
(C) tendency of the pathogens toward homeostasis - not mentioned anywhere in the passage. Hence, (C) is the right answer to this EXCEPT question.
(D) shedding of surface layers of the skin
(E) metabolic breakdown of lipids
(4) The author presents her material in which of the following ways?
The author presents the "self sterilizing" phenomena of the skin in the first paragraph. She then goes on to further explain/provide examples of this phenomena in the second paragraph. This is accurately described in (B).
(B) Presenting a phenomenon and then analyzing reason for it
Hence, (B) is the right answer choice.
