Planter-legislators of the post-Civil War southern United States enact

Question

Planter-legislators of the post-Civil War southern United States enacted crop lien laws stipulating that those who advanced cash or supplies necessary to plant a crop would receive, as security, a claim, or lien, on the crop produced. In doing so, planters, most of whom were former slaveholders, sought access to credit from merchants and control over nominally free laborers—former slaves freed by the victory of the northern Union over the southern Confederacy in the United States Civil War. They hoped to reassure merchants that despite the emancipation of the slaves, planters would produce crops and pay debts. Planters planned to use their supply credit to control their workers, former slaves who were without money to rent land or buy supplies. Planters imagined continuation of the pre-Civil War economic hierarchy: merchants supplying landlords, landlords supplying laborers, and laborers producing crops from which their scant wages and planters' profits would come, allowing planters to repay advances. Lien laws frequently had unintended consequences, however, thwarting the planter fantasy of mastery without slavery. The newly freed workers, seeking to become self-employed tenant farmers rather than wage laborers, made direct arrangements with merchants for supplies. Lien laws, the centerpiece of a system designed to create a dependent labor force, became the means for workers, with alternative means of supply advances, to escape that dependence.   1 
 C 
1. Which of the following best expresses the central idea of the passage?

(A) Planters in the post-Civil War southern United States sought to reinstate the institution of slavery.
(B) Through their decisions regarding supply credit, merchants controlled post-Civil War agriculture.
(C) Lien laws helped to defeat the purpose for which they were originally created.
(D) Although slavery had ended, the economic hierarchy changed little in the post-Civil War southern United States.
(E) Newly freed workers enacted lien laws to hasten the downfall of the plantation economy.

2 
 A 
2. According to the passage, each of the following was a reason planters supported crop lien laws EXCEPT:

(A) Planters believed that lien laws would allow them to expand their landholdings.
(B) Planters expected that lien laws would give them control over former slaves.
(C) Planters anticipated that lien laws would help them retain access to merchant credit.
(D) Planters intended to use lien laws to create a dependent labor force.
(E) Planters saw lien laws as a way to maintain their traditional economic status.

3 
 D 
3. The passage suggests which of the following about merchants in the post-Civil War southern United States?

(A) They sought to preserve pre-Civil War social conditions.
(B) Their numbers in the legislatures had been diminished.
(C) Their businesses had suffered from a loss of collateral.
(D) They were willing to make business arrangements with former slaves.
(E Their profits had declined because planters defaulted on debts for supply advances.

SriTamDas · Accepted Answer

The passage is indeed difficult for non-native speakers like us to understand without historical context, however, a detailed INFORMAL analysis of the passage would be something like this:

1. Planter-Legislators(  White Landowners who were lawmakers  ) enacted some laws with  the intent  of getting their agricultural profits back.
2. Hoping that everything will go as planned, they went on to Merchants for credit purchases.
3. Planter-legislators also hoped that they will  INDIRECTLY  get back their former slaves(  Black Slaves, poor in general  ) to work on their lands.
4. Planter-legislators imagined a return of Pre-Civil War Economic status, wherein they used to get these Black Slaves from Europe and used to make them work as labourers (  transatlantic slave trade, ended by Civil War  )
5. The whole plan fails when these Lien Laws take a U-Turn from their intent. 
6. The Former Slaves get on agreement with Merchants to start their  own farming  , independent of Planter-Legislators, seeking to live a free life.
7. Hence, 
 Lien laws, the centerpiece of a system designed to create a dependent labor force, became the means for workers, with alternative means of supply advances, to escape that dependence.

Hope it helps !

PS: If something in my above answer seems racist please feel free to DM, I'll remove it. I've taken utmost care for the interpretation to be free of racism/bias. Black Lives Matter !

Vivek96Banerjee · Answer

1. Which of the following best expresses the central idea of the passage?

(A) Planters in the post-Civil War southern United States sought to reinstate the institution of slavery. -- Planters did not want to reinstate slavery. They were interested in continuing the pre-Civil War economic hierarchy. This is a trap answer.
(B) Through their decisions regarding supply credit, merchants controlled post-Civil War agriculture. -- This is not mentioned in the passage. Out of Scope.
 (C)  Lien laws helped to defeat the purpose for which they were originally created.   -- "Lien laws, the centerpiece of a system designed to create a dependent labor force, became the means for workers, with alternative means of supply advances, to escape that dependence." This means that the lien laws were actually implemented to create a dependent labor force but the opposite happened.
(D) Although slavery had ended, the economic hierarchy changed little in the post-Civil War southern United States. -- Economic hierarchy did end up changing and planters wanted old economic hierarchy. Opposite to what is mentioned in the passage.
(E) Newly freed workers enacted lien laws to hasten the downfall of the plantation economy. -- Workers did not enact the lien laws. Irrelevant
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2. According to the passage, each of the following was a reason planters supported crop lien laws EXCEPT:

(A)  Planters believed that lien laws would allow them to expand their landholdings.   -- Nowhere in the passage is it mentioned that the planters wanted to increase their landholdings.
(B) Planters expected that lien laws would give them control over former slaves. -- Planters wanted to maintain pre-Civil War economic hierarchy. VALID support present.
(C) Planters anticipated that lien laws would help them retain access to merchant credit. -- Planters wanted the access to merchant credit. VALID support present.
(D) Planters intended to use lien laws to create a dependent labor force. -- Taken from the last line of the passage. VALID support present.
(E) Planters saw lien laws as a way to maintain their traditional economic status. -- Taken from the passage. VALID support present.
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3. The passage suggests which of the following about merchants in the post-Civil War southern United States?

(A) They sought to preserve pre-Civil War social conditions. -- Nothing is mentioned about merchants' motivations. Out of Scope
(B) Their numbers in the legislatures had been diminished. -- Not mentioned in passage. Out of Scope.
(C) Their businesses had suffered from a loss of collateral. -- Not mentioned in passage. Out of Scope.
 (D)  They were willing to make business arrangements with former slaves.   -- "The newly freed workers, seeking to become self-employed tenant farmers rather than wage laborers, made direct arrangements with merchants for supplies." This is exactly what we are looking for.
(E)  Their profits had declined because planters defaulted on debts for supply advances.  -- This is a good trap answer as the passage does mention something about planters paying debts. But there is no information in the passage that suggests profits for merchants had gone down.
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aimat780 · Answer

1. Which of the following best expresses the central idea of the passage?

(A) Planters in the post-Civil War southern United States sought to reinstate the institution of slavery:  nope, their aim was more to do with the continuation of the pre-civil war economy.  
(B) Through their decisions regarding supply credit, merchants controlled post-Civil War agriculture:  nothing mentioned as such 
(C) Lien laws helped to defeat the purpose for which they were originally created:  Correct, Last two lines, from 'Lien laws' till 'escape that dependence' answers this question 
(D) Although slavery had ended, the economic hierarchy changed little in the post-Civil War southern United States:  nope, completely out of scope 
(E) Newly freed workers enacted lien laws to hasten the downfall of the plantation economy:  nope, completely out of scope

2. According to the passage, each of the following was a reason planters supported crop lien laws EXCEPT:

(A) Planters believed that lien laws would allow them to expand their landholdings:  correct, nowhere it is mentioned that they wanted to expand their landholdings 
(B) Planters expected that lien laws would give them control over former slaves:  mentioned in the passage 
(C) Planters anticipated that lien laws would help them retain access to merchant credit:  mentioned in the passage 
(D) Planters intended to use lien laws to create a dependent labor force:  mentioned in the passage 
(E) Planters saw lien laws as a way to maintain their traditional economic status:  mentioned in the passage

3. The passage suggests which of the following about merchants in the post-Civil War southern United States?

(A) They sought to preserve pre-Civil War social conditions:  out of scope 
(B) Their numbers in the legislatures had been diminished:  out of scope 
(C) Their businesses had suffered from a loss of collateral:  out of scope 
(D) They were willing to make business arrangements with former slaves:  correct, mentioned in the third last line of the passage that newly freed workers made arrangements with the merchants 
(E Their profits had declined because planters defaulted on debts for supply advances:  out of scope

Please hit 'kudos' if my explanation helped you!!

Thanks & Regards,
Anurag

GAngstA · Answer

please explain paragraph in simple word...

Arindamad · Answer

Very tough passage.. 2 correct out of 3

nisen20 · Answer

there's something missing from the passage that makes the whole content confusing, though unrelated to three quite straightforward GMAT questions.

emancipated former slaves needed at least two things to become self-employed farmers, supplies from merchants and land use rights from landlords.
the passage mentioned that they were  tenant farmers , meaning that they still had to be hired by the landlords or had a certain contract with landlords for land use.
but the passage also called them newly  freed workers . free from what?

they were still bound to the land they did not own.

GGGMAT2 · Answer

Experts - please help answer what is the tone of the passage and does the author hold any opinion here?

napolean92728 · Answer

1. Which of the following best expresses the central idea of the passage?

The correct answer is:  (C) Lien laws helped to defeat the purpose for which they were originally created. 
Here's why  (C)  is correct:
The passage explains that  planters  created crop lien laws to  regain control over labor (former slaves)  and  secure credit from merchants , trying to replicate the  pre-Civil War economic hierarchy . However, the laws had  unintended consequences — freed workers used the laws to gain independence  by directly obtaining credit from merchants,  undermining  planter control. This directly supports the idea that lien laws  backfired , which is the core message of option (C).

Elimination of other options:
 (A) Planters in the post-Civil War southern United States sought to reinstate the institution of slavery. 
 
  Too extreme and inaccurate.  The passage doesn't suggest they tried to reinstate slavery  legally or literally , only that they tried to maintain economic dominance similar to slavery. Their actions aimed at economic control, not reinstating the institution of slavery itself.  
 (B) Through their decisions regarding supply credit, merchants controlled post-Civil War agriculture. 
 
  Not supported as the central idea.  While merchants are mentioned, they are not the  main focus , and the passage doesn't claim they  controlled  agriculture. It centers on the planters’ intentions and how those were  thwarted .  
 (D) Although slavery had ended, the economic hierarchy changed little in the post-Civil War southern United States. 
 
  Partially true but not the main point.  The planters  wanted  to preserve the hierarchy, but the key message is that  their plan didn’t work  due to unintended consequences of the lien laws.  
 (E) Newly freed workers enacted lien laws to hasten the downfall of the plantation economy. 
 
  Factually incorrect.  The  planters , not the freed workers, enacted the laws. The freed workers took advantage of them later, but they didn’t create them.

2. According to the passage, each of the following was a reason planters supported crop lien laws EXCEPT:

Correct answer: (A) Planters believed that lien laws would allow them to expand their landholdings. 
 Why (A) is correct (i.e., the    EXCEPTION   ):  
 
   The passage does not mention anything about planters wanting to expand landholdings as a goal of supporting lien laws.   
   The planters' concerns were about labor control, credit access, and maintaining the economic hierarchy, not land acquisition.    
  Why the other options are incorrect (i.e., they ARE reasons planters supported lien laws):  
 
   (B): ✔️ Clearly stated:  “Planters planned to use their supply credit to control their workers...”    
   (C): ✔️ Directly mentioned:  “They hoped to reassure merchants that...planters would produce crops and pay debts.”    
   (D): ✔️ Implied and supported:  “...a system designed to create a dependent labor force...”    
   (E): ✔️ Stated in the idea of preserving the pre-war economic hierarchy.

3. The passage suggests which of the following about merchants in the post-Civil War southern United States?

Correct answer: (D) They were willing to make business arrangements with former slaves.
Why (D) is correct:

The passage explains that former slaves made direct arrangements with merchants for supplies:

Why the other options are incorrect:

(A): ❌ The passage doesn’t say merchants had an interest in preserving social conditions—only that they needed security for loans.   
   (B): ❌ There's no mention of merchants being in the legislature or losing representation.   
   (C): ❌ While merchants wanted assurance they'd be repaid, the passage doesn't say they lost collateral.   
   (E): ❌ There is no statement that merchant profits declined due to planter defaults.

Planter-legislators of the post-Civil War southern United States enact

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Planter-legislators of the post-Civil War southern United States enact

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