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bhanu29
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22 Feb 2026, 01:06
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Question 1
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
Question Stats:
79% (02:26) correct
21%
(02:01) wrong
based on 39
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
B
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Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
95% (00:44) correct 5%
(01:14) wrong
based on 39
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History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
D
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Difficulty:
55%
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Question Stats:
49% (01:25) correct 51%
(01:10) wrong
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Date
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Result
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Question 4
A
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Difficulty:
45%
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61% (01:17) correct 39%
(01:18) wrong
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The most striking fact in the economic life of present-day Russia is that it is overwhelmingly agricultural. More than three-fourths of its population is engaged in agricultural labor. The vast majority are peasants living in villages. The Russian peasant’s primitive method of extensive cultivation, his primitive implements, and his domestic economy of half-a-century ago present conditions not far removed from those of the middle ages. What a contrast this peasant empire presents to the industrially and commercially developed countries!
The existence to our day of this almost primitive economy finds its explanation in the continuance of serfdom in Russia until comparatively recent times. Its abolition through the Emancipation Act of Alexander II — antedating America’s Emancipation Proclamation by a few years — struck off the chains that bound twenty million peasants to the soil. The emancipation, however, was incomplete. The land the peasants received was insufficient for their needs. Other conditions co-operated in the course of time with this primary one to create chronic starvation for the Russian peasants. Forced by the government to pay heavy taxes, in addition to redemption dues for the land, which they paid until recently, and receiving little help from either government or the nobility, they are virtually exploited almost as completely as before the emancipation. Thus, though freed in person, the peasants are bound by economic ties to their former masters, the nobles. These two socio-economic classes maintain towards each other the same relative position as before the emancipation. The former relations have persisted psychologically too. The Russian peasant is still largely a serf in his mentality, in his feeling of dependence, in his lack of enterprise, and in the smallness of his demands upon life. This fact permeates, as it explains, many aspects of contemporary Russian life.
In the past few decades, however, under the government’s fostering care, industry and commerce have made immense strides. The factory system has taken firm root, industrial centers have sprung up, and towns have grown rapidly. The middle class, hitherto insignificant, has increased in number, wealth, and influence. Among the peasants, freedom has given birth to the spirit of individualism. The differentiation of the peasantry into wealthier peasants and landless agricultural laborers, the great mass of peasantry occupying middle ground, and the gradual dissolution of the two great forces of Russian agricultural life — the patriarchal family and the village community — have been the most important results. Russia is clearly in a state of transition from the agricultural or medieval to the industrial and commercial or modern economic life.
The existence to our day of this almost primitive economy finds its explanation in the continuance of serfdom in Russia until comparatively recent times. Its abolition through the Emancipation Act of Alexander II — antedating America’s Emancipation Proclamation by a few years — struck off the chains that bound twenty million peasants to the soil. The emancipation, however, was incomplete. The land the peasants received was insufficient for their needs. Other conditions co-operated in the course of time with this primary one to create chronic starvation for the Russian peasants. Forced by the government to pay heavy taxes, in addition to redemption dues for the land, which they paid until recently, and receiving little help from either government or the nobility, they are virtually exploited almost as completely as before the emancipation. Thus, though freed in person, the peasants are bound by economic ties to their former masters, the nobles. These two socio-economic classes maintain towards each other the same relative position as before the emancipation. The former relations have persisted psychologically too. The Russian peasant is still largely a serf in his mentality, in his feeling of dependence, in his lack of enterprise, and in the smallness of his demands upon life. This fact permeates, as it explains, many aspects of contemporary Russian life.
In the past few decades, however, under the government’s fostering care, industry and commerce have made immense strides. The factory system has taken firm root, industrial centers have sprung up, and towns have grown rapidly. The middle class, hitherto insignificant, has increased in number, wealth, and influence. Among the peasants, freedom has given birth to the spirit of individualism. The differentiation of the peasantry into wealthier peasants and landless agricultural laborers, the great mass of peasantry occupying middle ground, and the gradual dissolution of the two great forces of Russian agricultural life — the patriarchal family and the village community — have been the most important results. Russia is clearly in a state of transition from the agricultural or medieval to the industrial and commercial or modern economic life.
1. The passage is chiefly concerned with
A. arguing against the increased commercialization of the Russian economy
B. warning that Russia's agricultural economy's decline will have unintended consequences
C. raising awareness about the economic exploitation of the Russian farmers
D. advocating the role of capitalism in modern economies with an example of the Russian economy
E. documenting the agricultural focus of the Russian economy and its present state of transition
A. arguing against the increased commercialization of the Russian economy
B. warning that Russia's agricultural economy's decline will have unintended consequences
C. raising awareness about the economic exploitation of the Russian farmers
D. advocating the role of capitalism in modern economies with an example of the Russian economy
E. documenting the agricultural focus of the Russian economy and its present state of transition
2. The last paragraph performs which of the following functions in the passage?
A. It summarizes the discussion in the preceding paragraphs and suggests additional areas of research for Russia's economic growth.
B. It offers a different perspective on the discussion in the preceding paragraphs to showcase the ongoing modernization of the Russian economy.
C. It discusses an exceptional case for which the author's argument concerning the agriculture-centric form of the Russian economy does not hold.
D. It discusses in detail a previously introduced aspect of the Russian economy.
E. It presents a recommendation to deal with the issue of the agricultural economy discussed earlier.
A. It summarizes the discussion in the preceding paragraphs and suggests additional areas of research for Russia's economic growth.
B. It offers a different perspective on the discussion in the preceding paragraphs to showcase the ongoing modernization of the Russian economy.
C. It discusses an exceptional case for which the author's argument concerning the agriculture-centric form of the Russian economy does not hold.
D. It discusses in detail a previously introduced aspect of the Russian economy.
E. It presents a recommendation to deal with the issue of the agricultural economy discussed earlier.
3. According to the passage, until recent times, the exploitation of the Russian peasants took place because of all of the following EXCEPT
A. hefty taxes
B. government apathy
C. limited aspirations
D. low farm cultivation
E. economic dependence on others
A. hefty taxes
B. government apathy
C. limited aspirations
D. low farm cultivation
E. economic dependence on others
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about modern economies?
A. Agriculture is not the prime sector in modern economies.
B. The modern economy has no middle-class.
C. Modernization of the economy integrates the village community
D. Modern economies emerge when the abolition of serfdom takes place.
E. The patriarchal family is a strong social force in modern economies.
A. Agriculture is not the prime sector in modern economies.
B. The modern economy has no middle-class.
C. Modernization of the economy integrates the village community
D. Modern economies emerge when the abolition of serfdom takes place.
E. The patriarchal family is a strong social force in modern economies.
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