In the last couple of years, there has been a significant decrease in chocolate consumption. During the same time, there has been an increase in awareness among the public about the adverse long-term effects of chocolate consumption. People now know that eating it in excess promotes bacterial growth, plaque, and gum disease in children. Therefore, the decrease in chocolate consumption must have been caused by the widespread awareness of the harmful effects of chocolates on children.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the conclusion of the argument?The conclusion is a causation claim: chocolate consumption fell because awareness of harms to children rose. The best weakener gives a strong alternative cause for the drop, showing the correlation does not prove causation.
A. School-sponsored dental hygiene programs have motivated children to shun chocolates.
This is still basically an “awareness/health concern” explanation and could even support the argument rather than weaken it.
B. Children must have troubled their parents and insisted on buying them before being significantly weaned off them.
This is unclear and does not give a clear alternative cause for the overall drop in consumption.
C. Sales of exotic chocolates have held steady while sales of regular ones have declined.
This suggests the decrease is not uniform, but it does not explain why overall consumption fell or directly undermine the proposed cause.
D. The consumption of fortified beverages and fruit juices has increased over the past couple of years in comparison to chocolates.
This shows substitution, but it does not explain why the substitution happened. It could still be driven by health awareness.
E. Chocolate prices have increased steadily over the past two years because of damage to cocoa crops in all producer nations.
This is a strong alternative cause: if chocolate got more expensive due to supply damage, people may buy less regardless of any awareness about children’s dental health.
That directly challenges the “must have been caused by awareness” claim.Answer: (E)