HI,
As such whenever a verb-ing modifier appears after a clause and preceded by a comman, it either gives additional information about the preceding clause or presents result of the preceding clause. Whenever we talk about modifying the clause we have to take the whole clause together as modifier would not make any sense with either subject or verb in isolation. For example
He made a protein shake, using whey protien powder.
In this sentence verb-ing modifier gives additional information about the preceding clause.
The did not follow rules, forcing authorities to take action.
Here, verb-ing modifier presents result of the preceding clause.
I would suggest you go through the following articles. These articles really helped me. I hope these may help you.
usage-of-verb-ing-modifiers-135220.htmlverb-ing-modifiers-part-2-in-our-first-article-on-verb-ing-135567.htmlMore related articles can be found at :
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