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12 Dec 2023, 07:00
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Difficulty:
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65% (02:27) correct
35%
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12 Days of Christmas 🎅 GMAT Competition with Lots of Questions & Fun
Mountain climbers often use two different techniques to breathe at high altitudes: one is a rapid, shallow breathing method, and the other is a slower, deep breathing technique. It is observed that climbers using the rapid, shallow method frequently switch to the deep breathing method after several hours. One hypothesis is that rapid, shallow breathing is less effective for oxygen intake at high altitudes; another hypothesis is that muscle fatigue from rapid breathing necessitates the switch to deeper breaths.
Which of the following, if observed in experiments with climbers at high altitudes, would support one of the two hypotheses and undermine the other?
(A) Climbers who start with deep breathing and switch to rapid, shallow breathing report greater fatigue than those who do not switch techniques.
(B) Climbers using the rapid, shallow breathing method for an extended period of time show a decrease in blood oxygen levels over time, which improves after switching to deep breathing.
(C) Climbers who practice deep breathing techniques at lower altitudes find it easier to maintain this method when climbing at high altitudes.
(D) Experienced climbers tend to use deep breathing consistently, while less experienced climbers often start with rapid, shallow breathing.
(E) The frequency of climbers switching from rapid, shallow breathing to deep breathing is higher in extremely cold conditions.
Mountain climbers often use two different techniques to breathe at high altitudes: one is a rapid, shallow breathing method, and the other is a slower, deep breathing technique. It is observed that climbers using the rapid, shallow method frequently switch to the deep breathing method after several hours. One hypothesis is that rapid, shallow breathing is less effective for oxygen intake at high altitudes; another hypothesis is that muscle fatigue from rapid breathing necessitates the switch to deeper breaths.
Which of the following, if observed in experiments with climbers at high altitudes, would support one of the two hypotheses and undermine the other?
(A) Climbers who start with deep breathing and switch to rapid, shallow breathing report greater fatigue than those who do not switch techniques.
(B) Climbers using the rapid, shallow breathing method for an extended period of time show a decrease in blood oxygen levels over time, which improves after switching to deep breathing.
(C) Climbers who practice deep breathing techniques at lower altitudes find it easier to maintain this method when climbing at high altitudes.
(D) Experienced climbers tend to use deep breathing consistently, while less experienced climbers often start with rapid, shallow breathing.
(E) The frequency of climbers switching from rapid, shallow breathing to deep breathing is higher in extremely cold conditions.
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12 Dec 2023, 08:15
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Bunuel
GMAT Club's Official Explanation:
B. Climbers using the rapid, shallow breathing method show a decrease in blood oxygen levels over time, which improves after switching to deep breathing.
- This choice directly supports the hypothesis that rapid, shallow breathing is less effective for oxygen intake at high altitudes. If it's shown that blood oxygen levels decrease with rapid, shallow breathing and improve with deep breathing, it supports the idea that the effectiveness of oxygen intake is the reason for the switch, rather than muscle fatigue. At the same time, use of rapid breathing technique for an extended period of time undermines the argument that climbers switch due to fatigue.
The other options do not support one hypothesis while undermining the other as effectively as choice (B):
A. Climbers who start with deep breathing and switch to rapid, shallow breathing report greater fatigue than those who do not switch techniques.
- This option suggests that deep breathing might cause more fatigue, which is contrary to both hypotheses.
C. Climbers who practice deep breathing techniques at lower altitudes find it easier to maintain this method when climbing at high altitudes.
- While this might indicate the benefits of deep breathing, it does not directly address the reason for switching techniques at high altitudes.
D. Experienced climbers tend to use deep breathing consistently, while less experienced climbers often start with rapid, shallow breathing.
- This choice suggests a correlation with experience but doesn't directly support or undermine either hypothesis about why climbers switch breathing methods.
E. The frequency of climbers switching from rapid, shallow breathing to deep breathing is higher in extremely cold conditions.
- This choice introduces an external factor (cold conditions) and doesn't directly address the effectiveness of oxygen intake or muscle fatigue as reasons for switching breathing methods.
Therefore, (B) is the best choice for evaluating the validity of the two hypotheses.
General Discussion
12 Dec 2023, 09:26
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Bunuel
Rapid & Shallow --> deep breathing method (after several hours)
Hypothesis 1 : rapid, shallow breathing is less effective for oxygen intake at high altitudes
Hypothesis 2 : muscle fatigue from rapid breathing necessitates the switch to deeper breaths
(A) Climbers who start with deep breathing and switch to rapid, shallow breathing report greater fatigue than those who do not switch techniques.
We aim to prove why do people switch from rapid breathing to deep breathing. This option talks about the opposite. Hence, we can eliminate this option.
(B) Climbers using the rapid, shallow breathing method for an extended period of time show a decrease in blood oxygen levels over time, which improves after switching to deep breathing.
Supports Hypothesis 1. If the oxygen level increases after the switch then we can be sure that the reason people switch from rapid and shallow to deep breathing technique is because rapid, shallow breathing is less effective for oxygen intake at high altitudes. Keep.
(C) Climbers who practice deep breathing techniques at lower altitudes find it easier to maintain this method when climbing at high altitudes.
Irrelevant to our conclusion. We want to prove one hypothesis over another. This statement doesn't help.
(D) Experienced climbers tend to use deep breathing consistently, while less experienced climbers often start with rapid, shallow breathing.
Irrelevant to our conclusion. We want to prove one hypothesis over another. This statement doesn't help.
(E) The frequency of climbers switching from rapid, shallow breathing to deep breathing is higher in extremely cold conditions.
Irrelevant to our conclusion. We want to prove one hypothesis over another. This statement doesn't help as the temperature is not a factor in the argument.
IMO B
