Option (A): The fire-retardant insulation will also be required to be one inch thicker than in the past. This might increase cost or application time, but it doesn't directly challenge the main point about reducing dislodgement and fatalities. In fact, thicker insulation might even improve fire safety, so it doesn't challenge the proposal's effectiveness.
Option (B): Studies have shown that most dislodgement of insulation occurs after the girders arrive on site. This directly challenges the proposal's rationale. The proposal assumes that dislodgement happens during transit, so by spraying on site, they avoid transit dislodgement. But if most dislodgement happens after arrival on site, then spraying on site won't prevent that dislodgement. This means the proposal might not achieve its goal of reducing dislodgement and thus might not reduce fatalities as expected. This seems like a strong challenge.
Option (C): Catastrophic fires represent only 4% of fires reported nationally. The proposal aims to reduce fatalities in catastrophic fires by 20%. But even if catastrophic fires are rare, reducing fatalities by 20% could still be significant. However, this doesn't directly challenge the mechanism of the proposal; it just says that the benefit might be small in terms of overall fires. But since the proposal is specifically for catastrophic fires, it might still be worthwhile. So, this isn't the strongest challenge.
Option (D): The proposed safety code will add considerably to the cost of new construction. This is a practical concern, but it doesn't directly address the safety benefit. The proposal might still be effective in reducing fatalities, even if it costs more. Challenges based on cost are common, but in terms of safety, cost might not be the strongest challenge if lives are saved. Moreover, the argument is about safety, not cost-effectiveness, so this might not be as direct a challenge as option (B).
Option (E): In most of Europe, spraying fire-retardant insulation onto steel girders at the building site has been required for the past ten years. This actually supports the proposal by showing that it has been implemented elsewhere successfully. It doesn't challenge the proposal; it reinforces it. So, this is not a challenge at all.
Comparing all options, option (B) directly undermines the proposal's reasoning by showing that the main problem (dislodgement) isn't primarily during transit but after arrival on site. Therefore, changing the spraying location won't solve the dislodgement issue, and thus won't reduce fatalities as claimed.