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06 Aug 2025, 03:02
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Difficulty:
35%
(medium)
Question Stats:
74% (01:28) correct
26%
(02:01)
wrong
based on 217
sessions
History
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Not Attempted Yet
A recent university survey asked respondents to report the number of hours per week that they spend outdoors, and to whether they regularly feel symptoms of depression. The group reporting that they spend the most amount of time outdoors was less than half as likely to report feeling symptoms of depression as was the group reporting that they spend the least amount of time outdoors. These results suggest that spending time outdoors is an effective way to prevent feelings of depression.
Which of the following, if true, most calls in to question the conclusion above?
A. The survey only included respondents from the immediate geographic region surrounding the university.
B. The group of respondents who indicated on another question that they spend the most time exercising per week had an even lower depression rate than the group that spent the most time outdoors.
C. The survey did not distinguish between the amount of time spent outdoors in the summer versus the amount of time spent outdoors during the winter.
D. The conclusion overlooks the possibility that people who feel symptoms of depression often stay indoors as a way of coping with those feelings privately.
E. The results of the survey varied based on the age, gender, and education level of the respondents.
Which of the following, if true, most calls in to question the conclusion above?
A. The survey only included respondents from the immediate geographic region surrounding the university.
B. The group of respondents who indicated on another question that they spend the most time exercising per week had an even lower depression rate than the group that spent the most time outdoors.
C. The survey did not distinguish between the amount of time spent outdoors in the summer versus the amount of time spent outdoors during the winter.
D. The conclusion overlooks the possibility that people who feel symptoms of depression often stay indoors as a way of coping with those feelings privately.
E. The results of the survey varied based on the age, gender, and education level of the respondents.
06 Aug 2025, 03:38
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Spending time outdoors ---> prevent feelings of depression
A. The survey only included respondents from the immediate geographic region surrounding the university.
No Impact, this option would rather be a mild strengthener as it says that sampling of two groups had no bias as both had respondents from the immediate geographic region.
B. The group of respondents who indicated on another question that they spend the most time exercising per week had an even lower depression rate than the group that spent the most time outdoors.
No Impact, this option compares one of the groups with another external group but it doesn't give us info to change our belief in the conclusion.
C. The survey did not distinguish between the amount of time spent outdoors in the summer versus the amount of time spent outdoors during the winter.
No Impact, it doesn't matter, we are given a conclusion between depression and time spent outdoors, what is the breakdown of time spent outdoor, we don't care.
D. The conclusion overlooks the possibility that people who feel symptoms of depression often stay indoors as a way of coping with those feelings privately.
Weakener, this says that it is actually a reversal relationship. People who feel depressed want to stay indoors rather than outdoors so it is not that outdoor time leads to low depression, it is rather low depression leads to outdoor time spent.
E. The results of the survey varied based on the age, gender, and education level of the respondents.
No Impact, we are not interested to know how was the survey done. It is natural that results will vary based on different factors.
(D) is the answer
A. The survey only included respondents from the immediate geographic region surrounding the university.
No Impact, this option would rather be a mild strengthener as it says that sampling of two groups had no bias as both had respondents from the immediate geographic region.
B. The group of respondents who indicated on another question that they spend the most time exercising per week had an even lower depression rate than the group that spent the most time outdoors.
No Impact, this option compares one of the groups with another external group but it doesn't give us info to change our belief in the conclusion.
C. The survey did not distinguish between the amount of time spent outdoors in the summer versus the amount of time spent outdoors during the winter.
No Impact, it doesn't matter, we are given a conclusion between depression and time spent outdoors, what is the breakdown of time spent outdoor, we don't care.
D. The conclusion overlooks the possibility that people who feel symptoms of depression often stay indoors as a way of coping with those feelings privately.
Weakener, this says that it is actually a reversal relationship. People who feel depressed want to stay indoors rather than outdoors so it is not that outdoor time leads to low depression, it is rather low depression leads to outdoor time spent.
E. The results of the survey varied based on the age, gender, and education level of the respondents.
No Impact, we are not interested to know how was the survey done. It is natural that results will vary based on different factors.
(D) is the answer
06 Aug 2025, 04:42
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A recent university survey asked respondents to report the number of hours per week that they spend outdoors, and to whether they regularly feel symptoms of depression. The group reporting that they spend the most amount of time outdoors was less than half as likely to report feeling symptoms of depression as was the group reporting that they spend the least amount of time outdoors. These results suggest that spending time outdoors is an effective way to prevent feelings of depression.
Pre-thinking
Time outdoor -->less feelings of depression
But it could be :
1) the reverse less feelings of depression --> Time outdoor or
2) something else causing these 2 to co-exist
D is aligned with the pre-thinking of reverse causality
A. The survey only included respondents from the immediate geographic region surrounding the university. No effect
B. The group of respondents who indicated on another question that they spend the most time exercising per week had an even lower depression rate than the group that spent the most time outdoors. Exercise is out of scope
C. The survey did not distinguish between the amount of time spent outdoors in the summer versus the amount of time spent outdoors during the winter. No effect
D. The conclusion overlooks the possibility that people who feel symptoms of depression often stay indoors as a way of coping with those feelings privately. Correct
E. The results of the survey varied based on the age, gender, and education level of the respondents. Irrelevant, doesn't weaken the conclusion
Pre-thinking
Time outdoor -->less feelings of depression
But it could be :
1) the reverse less feelings of depression --> Time outdoor or
2) something else causing these 2 to co-exist
D is aligned with the pre-thinking of reverse causality
A. The survey only included respondents from the immediate geographic region surrounding the university. No effect
B. The group of respondents who indicated on another question that they spend the most time exercising per week had an even lower depression rate than the group that spent the most time outdoors. Exercise is out of scope
C. The survey did not distinguish between the amount of time spent outdoors in the summer versus the amount of time spent outdoors during the winter. No effect
D. The conclusion overlooks the possibility that people who feel symptoms of depression often stay indoors as a way of coping with those feelings privately. Correct
E. The results of the survey varied based on the age, gender, and education level of the respondents. Irrelevant, doesn't weaken the conclusion
Bunuel
