According to Newtonian physics, the greater the distance between two

(A) the greater the distance between two particles, given the so-called gravitational constant, the less will be the gravitational force between them
it's a fact we're stating. so ,it needs to be in simple present.
furthermore, "greater..less" isn't parallel.

(B) given the so-called gravitational constant, the greater the distance between two particles, the smaller the gravitational force between them
seems fine

(C) given the so-called gravitational constant, more distance between two particles will result in a lesser gravitational force between them
same as A, need simple present

(D) the less of a gravitational force between two objects, the more of a distance between them, given the so-called gravitational constant
not so keen of this one. using "the less...the more" is unnecessarily wordy since a comparative degree can convey the meaning better.
placement of "given the so-called gravitational constant" in B conveys the meaning better than D

(E) the greater the distance the less the gravitational force between two particles, given the so-called gravitational constant
"greater..less" not parallel

IMO B