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samark
Hi,

I have a doubt regarding parallelism. Somewhere, I read people explaining in choice E about llism that "reduced" is parallel to "made".
Excerpts:
"Research Indicates 2 things that few people have significantly reduced x or(few people have significantly) made y.
Reduced and Made are parallel."

While, in my practice I don't use tense words for judging parallelism. How logical is that?
Even, if we consider, Isn't it "have reduced" in choice E which is the actual candidate for comparison? Please, clarify

Although energy prices have tripled in the United States over the last two years, research indicates few people to have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do, nor are they making fuel efficiency a priority when shopping for cars.

A. few people to have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do, nor are they making
B. few people having significantly reduced the amount of driving they do or made
C. that there are few people who have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do, nor having made
D. that few people have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do and are not making
E. that few people have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do or made


Thanks!
I chose E because of two reasons- it correctly uses "that" and "or".
A and B are eliminated because we need that after indicate.
C is out because it is wordy as it unnecessarily uses "there" and "who".
D is eliminated because of two reasons. One is parallelism issue and the other is the use of "and" and "not".
E Perfect answer.
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samark -

Two things should be parallel if they fall into the same category:

Yesterday, I WENT to the store and SAW a movie. (the verbs that fall into the category "things I did yesterday" should be parallel.)

The pirate was famous for his PET PARROT and his WOODEN LEG (the "pet parrot" and "wooden leg" fall into the category "things for which the pirate was famous" and should be parallel)

Over the last decade, I have HIKED a dozen mountains and TRAVELED to over thirty countries. ("hiked" and "traveled" fall into the category "things I have done in the last decade" and thus must be parallel).

The difference with this last one, as you notice, is that the first verb is actually "have hiked." The reason you don't need to repeat the "have" is that the word "have" essentially distributes to both verbs. (Think about this in math terms: If you have the term 3(x+y) you can distribute the 3 and get 3x+3y).

As a result, you don't need to repeat the word "have" with the second verb. That's the principle behind the parallel verbs in choice E above.

Does that help?

Brett

Hi BKimball,

I really appreciate ur help. I was little doubtful whether word "have" can be distributed further. Now, it is clear!

Cheers! :)
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BKimball
samark -

Two things should be parallel if they fall into the same category:

Yesterday, I WENT to the store and SAW a movie. (the verbs that fall into the category "things I did yesterday" should be parallel.)

The pirate was famous for his PET PARROT and his WOODEN LEG (the "pet parrot" and "wooden leg" fall into the category "things for which the pirate was famous" and should be parallel)

Over the last decade, I have HIKED a dozen mountains and TRAVELED to over thirty countries. ("hiked" and "traveled" fall into the category "things I have done in the last decade" and thus must be parallel).

The difference with this last one, as you notice, is that the first verb is actually "have hiked." The reason you don't need to repeat the "have" is that the word "have" essentially distributes to both verbs. (Think about this in math terms: If you have the term 3(x+y) you can distribute the 3 and get 3x+3y).

As a result, you don't need to repeat the word "have" with the second verb. That's the principle behind the parallel verbs in choice E above.

Does that help?

Brett


Nice explanation ,, Thanks...

I have a doubt with respect to the events happening in past e.g.

He won the lottery and moved to California. Within five years, he had filed for bankruptcy.

first event - he won the lottery and moved to california.
second event - within five years he had filed for bandfuptcy.

why do we use past particple for the second event , because second event is happening after first event , so i think simple past tense should be ideal.

pls explain
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first event - he won the lottery and moved to california.
second event - within five years he had filed for bandfuptcy.

I think you have your past perfect tenses backwards. The older event needs "Had" + Past participle, while the newer event is just simple past.


Quote:
Nice explanation ,, Thanks...

I have a doubt with respect to the events happening in past e.g.

He won the lottery and moved to California. Within five years, he had filed for bankruptcy.

first event - he won the lottery and moved to california.
second event - within five years he had filed for bandfuptcy.

why do we use past particple for the second event , because second event is happening after first event , so i think simple past tense should be ideal.

pls explain
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I can't understand why E is correct. The sentence starts with Although, which means there has to be a contrast. Option E suggests that few people have made fuel efficiency a priority while shopping for cars whereas the intended meaning is they have not.
Experts- Please comment.
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I can't understand why E is correct. The sentence starts with Although, which means there has to be a contrast. Option E suggests that few people have made fuel efficiency a priority while shopping for cars whereas the intended meaning is they have not.
Experts- Please comment.

The point is that only FEW People (not MANY People) have done so.
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Quote:
Although energy prices have tripled in the United States over the last two years, research indicates few people to have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do, nor are they making fuel efficiency a priority when shopping for cars.

A. few people to have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do, nor are they making - Incorrect. We need indicates "that".

B. few people having significantly reduced the amount of driving they do or made - Incorrect. We need indicates "that".

C. that there are few people who have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do, nor having made - Incorrect.

D. that few people have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do and are not making - Incorrect. "and" is a parallel marker.

E. that few people have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do or made - Correct. "or" is a parallel marker.

Answer: (E).
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After indicate is it necessary to use that, is it a rule or something?

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why "that" to be used after indicates???
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We use THAT to link a previous clause to a new one. This is extremely common on the GMAT. Notice how in each example below, we have subject + verb + THAT + new subject + new verb.

I think that puppies are very wise.
A study indicates that the regular use of dental floss reduces heart disease.
She suggested that we take an alternative route.


There are other ways we can use the word indicate in particular. We can indicate a noun: "She indicated the door." We can indicate something as a factor: "Smoking has been indicated as a contributor to heart disease." However, we can't indicated "few people" or "indicate X to do Y."
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samark
Although energy prices have tripled in the United States over the last two years, research indicates few people to have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do, nor are they making fuel efficiency a priority when shopping for cars.

(A) few people to have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do, nor are they making

(B) few people having significantly reduced the amount of driving they do or made

(C) that there are few people who have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do, nor having made

(D) that few people have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do and are not making

(E) that few people have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do or made

This question is based on Idiomatic Usage, Parallelism, and Construction.

The verb ‘indicates’ is usually followed by a noun clause beginning with the relative pronoun ‘that’. Since the relative pronoun is missing in Options A and B, these two options can be eliminated. There is also a lack of parallelism in Option A.

The last part of the sentence conveys two things that people have failed to do -reduce the amount of driving they do and make fuel efficiency a priority when shopping for cars. These two actions must be parallel but the verbs ‘reduced’ and ‘are making’ are not parallel to each other. So, Options A and B can be ruled out.

Option C lacks parallelism. The perfect participle ‘having made’ is not parallel to ‘reduced’. The conjunction ‘nor’ is also incorrect since the negative is already implied by the adjective ‘few’. So, Option C can also be eliminated.

Option D also lacks parallelism. The verb in the present continuous tense ‘are making’ is not parallel to the verb in the simple past tense ‘reduced’. So, Option D can also be ruled out.

Option E maintains parallelism - that few people have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do or made fuel efficiency a priority when shopping for cars . The conjunction ‘or’ is also appropriate. Therefore, E is the most appropriate option.


Jayanthi Kumar.
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