Although multi-organ transplants have become more common, scientists a

Question

Although multi-organ transplants have become more common, scientists and surgeons continue to face the ineluctable obstacle of time. Current donor organ preservation times hover around ɹve to six hours. Because of the complicated tissue-matching process, oftentimes organs are unable to reach their beneɹciaries, wasting valuable, viable organs. However, scientists are hopeful that a certain substance, called the Hibernation Induction Trigger (HIT), will extend the life of a potential transplant organ.

HIT is an opiate-like substance found in the blood of hibernating animals. Previous experiments have shown that opioids act as an autoperfusion block, preventing blood from ɻowing through the lymphatic system to organs, a phenomenon known as ischemia. In a preliminary experiment, an infusion of plasma with the Delta opioid delayed hemorrhaging in certain laboratory animals. When this arresting of activity was applied to the transplantation of organs, physicians reported preservation times up to 15 hours, a more than two-fold increase over standard conservation.

Scientists have extrapolated from these ɹndings, further identifying the opioid DADLE as integral to triggering the hibernation process. Infusing HIT-molecule-containing plasma from hibernating woodchucks into canine lungs increased preservation times more than three-fold from previous ɹndings. This experiment suggests that, should a potential donor organ be infused with these trigger molecules before the organ is harvested, the organ would remain transplantable for up to 45 hours, greatly increasing the chance for doctors to ɹnd a suitable recipient.

Though these results are exciting, they do nothing to increase survival rates from an organ transplant operation, which currently hover at 60 percent over four years, because patients are still susceptible to infection and rejection. Scientists are a long way from declaring HIT-molecules a safe and consistent method of organ preservation. Still, other areas of science have taken an interest in this research. NASA, for example, is considering the implications of human hibernation for deep space travel.    1 
 1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. Ischemia is essential to the organ transplantation process.
B. The same process by which HIT induces hibernation might be applicable to donor organs.
C. The biggest obstacle facing physicians in the science of organ transplantation is the diɽculty of matching suitable donors and recipients.
D. Additional time could be saved by computerizing the tissuematching process.
E. HIT could also be administered to patients awaiting an organ transplant, thereby lengthening the amount of time they are eligible for surgery.

2  
 2. Given the information in the passage about blocking autoperfusion, which of the following could also be true?

A. DADLE and HIT must be present in an organ at the same time in order for autoperfusion to be prevented for any length of time.
B. If scientists could circumvent the passage of blood through the lymphatic system, organs would cease to deteriorate.
C. Scientists are close to developing a method to induce production of HIT in a non-hibernating animal.
D. Administering HIT after transplantation is likely to lower the current rates of infection and organ rejection.
E. Isolating and infusing opioids may be the key to retarding the progression of decay in transplant organs.

3  
 3. The author refers to the experiment with the woodchuck in order to

A. illustrate successful preliminary experiments
B. suggest genetic similarity between species
C. warn that the ɹndings are preliminary at best
D. explain why other scientists may be interested in the findings
E. suggest the feasibility of inter-species transplant

4  
 4. Select the sentence from the passage which suggests how the use of isolated HIT molecules, if they were to be approved for general use, would be limited.
  This experiment suggests that, should a potential donor organ be infused with these trigger molecules before the organ is harvested, the organ would remain transplantable for up to 45 hours, greatly increasing the chance for doctors to ɹnd a suitable recipient.

Sajjad1994 · Answer

OE

1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

The woodchuck example is provided to show that the same molecules that induce hibernation might have applications in organs being readied for transplants. Therefore,  choice (B)  is the best answer.

There is no evidence that ischemia plays any role in the transplantation process, so  choice   (A)  is incorrect.

Choice (C)  is too extreme; nothing is identiɹed as the biggest obstacle.

The passage does not comment on the feasibility of changing the tissue-matching process, so  choice (D)  is not a well-supported answer choice.

The passage does not mention the eʃects of HIT on patients awaiting transplants, so  choice (E)  is wrong. 
 
  Answer: B

Sajjad1994 · Answer

OE

2. Given the information in the passage about blocking autoperfusion, which of the following could also be true?

The passage describes an experiment wherein infusing opioids delayed decay, so  choice (E)  is true.

Choice (B)  is incorrect because the passage does not state that the lymphatic system is what causes organs to deteriorate.

There is no information in the passage on when HIT will be produced in a lab, so  choice (C)  can be eliminated.

Choice (D)  extrapolates too far on the eʃects of HIT, and there is not enough information in the passage to support the relationship in  choice (A).  
 
  Answer: E

Sajjad1994 · Answer

OE

3. The author refers to the experiment with the woodchuck in order to

Choice (A)  is the best answer because the author cites the experiment with woodchucks to give an example of a promising line of research.

There is no suggestion of genetic similarity, so  choice (B)  is incorrect.

Though the author does warn that the ɹndings are preliminary, he/she does so in another context in the passage, which makes  choice (C)  wrong.

Similarly, other areas of science are not mentioned in conjunction with this experiment, but rather later on in the passage, so  choice (D)  is incorrect.

Though an interspecies infusion of HIT is mentioned, that is not the primary purpose of the woodchuck experiment, and  choice (E)  is incorrect as well. 
 
  Answer: A

Sajjad1994 · Answer

OE

4. Select the sentence from the passage which suggests how the use of isolated HIT molecules, if they were to be approved for general use, would be limited.

The correct sentence indicates that the molecules must be infused before the organ is harvested; this is a limitation. If you chose the sentence in the last paragraph that includes the phrase patients are still susceptible to infection and rejection, you should realize that infection and rejection are not problems related to infusing HIT molecules, but rather of the transplant process itself. Also, the sentence after that one, which begins scientists are still a long way... mentions the limitation of safety and consistency, problems which the question speciɹcally indicates are not what you should be looking for in the correct answer.

This experiment suggests that, should a potential donor organ be infused with these trigger molecules before the organ is harvested, the organ would remain transplantable for up to 45 hours, greatly increasing the chance for doctors to ɹnd a suitable recipient.

Although multi-organ transplants have become more common, scientists a

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