Authors such as Elizabeth Kolbert were beginning to warn that human activity — greenhouse-gas emissions, urbanization, the global spread of invasive species — were driving Earth toward a “mass extinction” event and something that had occurred only five times since life emerged over 3 billion years ago.
S is human activity, then verb should be "was" --> Eliminate A B
A were driving Earth toward a “mass extinction” event and something that had occurred only five times since life emerged
B were driving Earth toward a “mass extinction” event, something that occurred only five times since life had emerged
driving Earth toward a “mass extinction” event (1st thing) and something (the 2nd thing) --> wrong, elimiate C and E
C was driving Earth toward a “mass extinction” event and something that had occurred only five times since life emerged
E was driving Earth toward a “mass extinction” event and something that occurred only five times since life emerged
D was driving Earth toward a “mass extinction” event, something that has occurred only five times since life emerged
--> "something that has occurred only five times since life emerged": Clear the meaning of "mass extinction event", that even has occurred only five times since life emerged