Hi everyone,
Got all correct in 13:40 minutes, including 6 minutes to read.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------P1The author starts with presenting a view that was held until 1965 about oceans: large, smooth currents. She explains that the way information was collected about oceans was approximative and that, with the introduction of more advanced tools, scientists discovered variability and the mesoscale fields.
Purpose: To present the view hold before 1965 about oceans and how such view changed thanks to the use of new equipment.
P2Here the author explains what mesoscale phenomena are and how they can impact other climatic events. Plus we know that they represent most of the kinetic energy of all the oceans.
Purpose: To describe mesoscale phenomena and their impact on climatic events.
P3In the last paragraph the author starts with presenting reasons for not using conventional techniques to measure mesoscale phenomena: expensive and time consuming. Then she explains how a cheer alternative was found: Tomography. The author then proceeds to describe how tomography works and in the end claims that acoustic tomography was successful in the first trials.
Purpose: To discards conventional ways to measure mesoscale phenomena and to explain how tomography is more cost efficient
Main pointThe purpose of this paragraph is to connect ocean's variability with mesoscale phenomena, describe such phenomena and explain a method (tomography) to measure them.
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1. According to the passage, scientists are able to use ocean acoustic tomography to deduce the properties of the ocean’s interior in part because
Pre-thinking
Detail question
From last paragraph: Researchers reasoned that low-frequency sound waves, because they are so well described mathematically and because even small perturbations in emitted sound waves can be detected, could be transmitted through the ocean over many different paths and that the properties of the ocean’s interior—its temperature, salinity, density, and speed of currents—could be deduced on the basis of how the ocean altered the signals.
(A) low-frequency sound waves are well described mathematically
In line with pre-thinking
(B) mesoscale phenomena are so large as to be easily detectable
not mentioned
(C) information from sound waves can be recombined more easily than information from x-rays
not mentioned
(D) tomography is better suited to measuring mesoscale phenomena than to measuring small-scale systems
not mentioned
(E) density variations in the ocean are mathematically predictable
not mentioned
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2. The passage suggests that medical tomography operates on the principle that
Pre-thinking
Inference question
From last paragraph: In medical tomography x-rays map the human body’s density variations (and hence internal organs); the information from the x-rays, transmitted through the body along many different paths, is recombined to form three-dimensional images of the body’s interior.
Let's evaluate the options
(A) x-rays are superior to sound waves for producing three-dimensional images
the focus here is on medical tomography
(B) sound waves are altered as they pass through regions of varying density
Sound waves are out of some here
(C) images of the body’s interior can be produced by analyzing a single x-ray transmission through the body
incorrect
(D) the varying densities within the human body allow x-rays to map the internal organs
Can be inferred
(E) information from x-rays and sound waves can be combined to produce a highly detailed image of the body’s interior
Sound waves are out of scope here
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3. Which of the following is most similar to medical tomography as it is described in the passage?
Pre-thinking
Analogous statement question
Medical tomography uses x rays to create a map of the body's interior. Let's look for a similar statement.
(A) The use of ocean-current meters to determine the direction and velocity of the ocean’s mesoscale fields
Out of context
(B) The use of earthquake shockwave data collected at several different locations and combined to create a three-dimensional image of the Earth’s interior
Yes, the point is to use data to create a map of the interior of something.
(C) The use of a grid-point sensory system to map global weather patterns
This methodology belongs to the unfeasible plan mentioned earlier in the lat paragraph
(D) The use of subsurface floats to map large-scale circulation in the ocean
out of context
(E) The use of computer technology to halt the progress of a particular disease within the human body’s internal organs
out of scope.
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4. The author mentions El Nino (Highlighted) primarily in order to emphasize which of the following points?
Pre-thinking
Detail question
From P2: Mesoscale phenomena may, in fact, play a significant role in oceanic mixing, air-sea interactions, and occasional—but far-reaching—climatic events
The purpose is to give an example of how mesoscale phenomena affect other climatic events
(A) The brief duration of weather patterns
Not in line with pre-thinking
(B) The variability of mesoscale phenomena
Not in line with pre-thinking
(C) The difficulty of measuring the ocean’s large-scale currents
Not in line with pre-thinking
(D) The effectiveness of low-frequency sound waves in mapping the ocean
Not in line with pre-thinking
(E) The possible impact of mesoscale fields on weather conditions
in line with pre-thinking
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5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the third paragraph of the passage?
Pre-thinking
Structure question
So
First, we are given an unfeasible way of measuring mesoscale phenomena.
Second, we are given that tomography was the cheaper and most efficient alternative.
Last, we are given that tomography was successful in its first trials.
(A) A theory is proposed, considered, and then attended.
no theory
(B) Opposing views are presented, elaborated, and then reconciled.
no opposing views
(C) A problem is described, then a solution is discussed and its effectiveness is affirmed.
Problem= unfeasible way of measuring mesoscale phenomena, solution= tomography
(D) An argument is advanced, then refuted, and an alternative is suggested.
incorrect
(E) A hypothesis is presented, qualified, and then reaffirmed.
no hyphothesis
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6. The passage suggests that which of the following would be true if the ocean’s circulation consisted primarily of large, slow-moving currents?
Pre-thinking
Inference question
One inference would be that the oceans would be characterized by significantly less kinetic energy than they are now.
(A) The influence of mesoscale fields on global weather patterns would remain the same.
Probably not
(B) Large-scale currents would exhibit more variability than is actually observed.
cannot be inferred
(C) The majority of the ocean’s kinetic energy would be derived from mesoscale fields.
probably not
(D) Atmospheric-oceanic disturbances such as El Nino would occur more often.
cannot be inferred
(E) Conventional measuring techniques would be a feasible method of studying the physical properties of the ocean.
Yes, since in the lat paragraph we are given that low frequency waves are easily detectable
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7. Which of the following, if presented as the first sentence of a succeeding paragraph, would most logically continue the discussion presented in the passage?
Pre-thinking
Follow up question
[b]Last paragraph ends with the claim tat tomography's first trials were successful. We need to find something related to this information like: "One problem that emerged after the first trials was...."
[/b]
(A) Timekeeping in medical tomography must be precise because the changes in travel time caused by density fluctuations are slight.
Medical tomography is out of scope here
(B) To understand how ocean acoustic tomography works, it is necessary to know how sound travels in the ocean.
This information is related to the last sentence of the paragraph. Hence correct
(C) Ships are another possibility, but they would need to stop every 50 kilometers to lower measuring instruments.
Out of scope
(D) These variations amount to only about 2 to 3 percent of the average speed of sound in water, which is about 1, 500 meters per second.
Out of scope
(E) The device used in medical tomography emits a specially coded signal, easily distinguishable from background noise.
Out of scope
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