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You’ve spent countless hours solving GMAT Verbal questions. You’ve gone through hundreds of practice problems, sometimes the same ones multiple times. Yet, when you take your next practice test, your score barely budges. Sound familiar?
This article will show you why typical practice often fails and how to change your approach to achieve results.
Table of Contents
The Problem with Hopeful Learning
Just like you need skills to solve GMAT questions, you need skills to learn from them. And most test-takers don’t even know what they need to learn—forget about how to learn it.
This leads to what I call hopeful learning:
For some people, this works.
They keep solving questions, and eventually their scores improve. Why? Because they’ve developed robust subconscious learning processes over years of education. Their brains automatically identify patterns, refine reasoning, and absorb lessons without deliberate effort.
But for many others, it doesn’t work at all.
These students practice thousands of questions but see minimal improvement. They remain stuck, frustrated, and confused about why their hard work isn’t translating into results.
If you don’t have effective subconscious learning processes working in the background, you need something else: deliberate learning.
Knowledge vs. Skills: Different Problems Need Different Solutions
Let’s consider two students who both score in the 20th percentile on GMAT Verbal. While their scores look identical, their underlying issues might be completely different.
Student A: Knowledge Gap
This student’s problem lies at the level of knowledge:
For Student A, even relatively passive practice might lead to improvement. Exposure to questions builds familiarity with concepts. Their problem is superficial enough that surface-level solutions can work.
Student B: Skills Gap
This student’s problem lies at the level of skills:
For Student B, no amount of passive practice will help. They need a fundamentally different approach—one that addresses the root cause of their struggles.
What Is There to Learn?
When people think about GMAT learning, they often focus exclusively on concepts:
But effective learning happens at many different levels, from granular details to broader processes. Let’s explore what you might learn through deliberate analysis.
1. Word-Level Learnings
Sometimes, misunderstanding a single word can cost you a question.
Example: Consider this statement:
Another example:
Many students read this as: “If the government reduces interest rates, then the housing market will improve.”
But that’s not what it says. “Only if” establishes a necessary condition, not a sufficient one. The correct interpretation is: “The housing market will improve → The government reduces interest rates.” This means rate reduction is necessary for improvement, but doesn’t guarantee it.
These subtle distinctions matter tremendously on the GMAT.
2. Phrase-Level Learnings
Certain phrases have specific logical implications that are easy to misinterpret.
Example:
You might mistakenly think: “With bipartisan support, the policy will succeed.”
But the statement only tells you that bipartisan support is necessary, not that it’s sufficient. The policy might still fail even with support.
Learning to parse these common logical structures prevents common errors in Reading Comprehension and Critical Reasoning.
3. Sentence-Level Learnings
Complex sentences with multiple clauses can easily lead to misinterpretation.
Example:
A hasty reading might lead you to believe this sentence primarily supports the monetary policy theory, when it actually presents evidence for the supply chain explanation.
Developing the habit of breaking down complex sentences into their component parts helps prevent such misunderstandings.
4. Connection-Level Learnings
This level concerns how ideas relate to each other across sentences and paragraphs.
Example: In a Reading Comprehension passage, you might encounter:
5. Reasoning-Level Learnings
At this level, you identify gaps in your logical thinking processes.
Example: In a Critical Reasoning question, you might evaluate:
6. Conceptual Learnings
This involves understanding the fundamental concepts tested by the GMAT.
Example: You might initially think that a “weaken” question in Critical Reasoning requires finding evidence that ‘proves’ the conclusion wrong. Through analysis, you learn that you only need to find evidence that makes the conclusion less likely, not necessarily impossible.
7. Process-Level Learnings
These insights relate to how you approach questions.
Example: After careful analysis, you might realize: “I consistently miss details in the last paragraph of Reading Comprehension passages because I rush through them, assuming they’re just conclusions.”
This discovery leads to a process change: deliberately slowing down on final paragraphs and actively looking for new information, not just summary.
8. Psychological and Mindset Learnings
These insights relate to how your emotions and attitudes affect performance.
Example: “When I see a long, complex sentence, I feel overwhelmed and skip ahead, hoping the next sentence will clarify things. This causes me to miss crucial information.”
Understanding these psychological patterns allows you to develop strategies to manage them effectively.
Learning Is the Outcome of Sincere Analysis
Learning doesn’t happen automatically. It’s the result of intentional analysis.
The depth and sincerity of your analysis determine the quality of your learning. Half-hearted reviews lead to superficial insights; thorough, honest examination produces transformative understanding.
Specific vs. Generic Learning
Your insights can range from:
Both have value, but specific learnings are usually more actionable and helpful for immediate improvement.
The “No Repeat Takeaways” Rule
One of my core principles: You cannot have the same takeaway twice.
If you keep writing “I need to read more carefully” after every mistake, your learning process isn’t working. When a mistake repeats, ask yourself why you didn’t apply your earlier insight.
And keep asking why until you reach the real cause:
This deeper inquiry reveals that your real issue isn’t comprehension or concept knowledge—it’s test anxiety affecting your pacing. And that requires a different solution than “read more carefully.”
How to Learn Deliberately (A Practical Process)
Now let’s translate these insights into a concrete process you can follow to transform your practice approach.
1. Start with Untimed Practice
Begin by removing time pressure entirely. This creates space for deep learning.
How:
Why it works: When you’re not racing against the clock, you can pay attention to your thinking process and catch subtle mistakes that would otherwise go unnoticed.
2. Document Your Thinking Process
Write down your thoughts as you solve each question.
How:
Why it works: This creates a “thought trail” you can analyze later to identify where things went wrong.
3. Follow the “No Erasing” Rule
Never erase your thoughts, even if you later realize they’re wrong.
How:
Why it works: The paths you didn’t take—and your reasons for abandoning them—often contain valuable insights about your thinking patterns.
4. Mark Areas of Uncertainty
Highlight parts where you felt unsure, even if you answered correctly.
How:
Why it works: Correct answers achieved through uncertainty or luck don’t represent true mastery. These areas need reinforcement even if they didn’t cause errors this time.
5. Analyze Before Checking Answers
Before looking at the correct answer, review your work and try to identify potential errors.
How:
Why it works: This develops your self-assessment abilities and prevents the false confidence that comes from simply recognizing the correct answer.
6. Compare with Expert Explanations
Once you check the answer, compare your reasoning to the expert explanation.
How:
Why it works: This reveals not just what you got wrong, but why—the crucial information needed for improvement.
7. Create Specific, Actionable Takeaways
For each question, develop concrete learnings you can apply next time.
How:
Why it works: Specific takeaways are easier to implement and remember than vague observations.
8. Track Patterns Across Questions
Look for recurring issues across multiple questions.
How:
Why it works: Patterns reveal your fundamental weaknesses, allowing you to make systemic improvements rather than just fixing isolated mistakes.
Common Pitfalls to Avoid
As you implement deliberate practice, be aware of these common traps:
1. Quantity Over Quality
The trap: Rushing to complete many questions instead of deeply analyzing a few.
Why it’s harmful: Volume creates an illusion of progress while often reinforcing bad habits.
Solution: Set goals based on quality of analysis, not number of questions completed.
2. Skipping Documentation
The trap: Analyzing questions “in your head” without writing down your thought process.
Why it’s harmful: Mental analysis is prone to hindsight bias and often misses crucial details.
Solution: Commit to writing down your complete thinking process for each question.
3. Ignoring Patterns
The trap: Treating each mistake as an isolated incident.
Why it’s harmful: You miss opportunities to address systematic weaknesses.
Solution: Regularly review your error log to identify recurring issues.
4. Rushing to Add Time Pressure
The trap: Introducing time constraints before mastering accuracy.
Why it’s harmful: Time pressure often causes regression to old habits.
Solution: Only add time constraints after achieving consistent accuracy in untimed practice.
5. Superficial Reviews
The trap: Simply reading explanations without comparing them to your own reasoning.
Why it’s harmful: You get the false sense that you understand without truly internalizing the lesson.
Solution: Actively compare your approach with the explanation, noting specific differences.
Moving Towards Timed Practice
Once you’ve established strong fundamentals through deliberate practice, you can gradually introduce time constraints.
The key word is gradually. Follow this progression:
Phase 1: Focus on Accuracy (No Time Limit)
Phase 2: Work on Efficiency (Loose Time Goals)
Phase 3: Practice Under Test Conditions (Strict Timing)
Quick Start Guide: Try Deliberate Practice Today
Ready to transform your practice approach? Here’s a concrete plan to implement deliberate learning immediately:
Step 1: Select Your Material
Step 2: Prepare Your Documentation
Step 3: Practice Deliberately
Step 4: Analyze Deeply
Step 5: Implement and Iterate
Final Thoughts: The Courage to Slow Down
In a world obsessed with quick results, choosing deliberate practice requires courage. It means temporarily slowing down to ultimately go faster.
Remember: The GMAT is not testing how many questions you’ve seen. It’s testing how well you think.
PS: This article was originally posted here.
This article will show you why typical practice often fails and how to change your approach to achieve results.
Table of Contents
- The Problem with Hopeful Learning
- Knowledge vs. Skills: Different Problems Need Different Solutions
- What Is There to Learn?
- Learning Is the Outcome of Sincere Analysis
- How to Learn Deliberately (A Practical Process)
- Common Pitfalls to Avoid
- Moving Towards Timed Practice
The Problem with Hopeful Learning
Quote:
Many people preparing for the GMAT have the intent to learn. They genuinely want to improve. But intent alone isn’t enough.
Just like you need skills to solve GMAT questions, you need skills to learn from them. And most test-takers don’t even know what they need to learn—forget about how to learn it.
This leads to what I call hopeful learning:
- Practicing questions without a structured approach to analysis
- Reviewing answers without truly understanding mistakes
- Hoping that somehow, with enough repetition, improvement will come
For some people, this works.
They keep solving questions, and eventually their scores improve. Why? Because they’ve developed robust subconscious learning processes over years of education. Their brains automatically identify patterns, refine reasoning, and absorb lessons without deliberate effort.
But for many others, it doesn’t work at all.
These students practice thousands of questions but see minimal improvement. They remain stuck, frustrated, and confused about why their hard work isn’t translating into results.
Quote:
If you don’t have effective subconscious learning processes working in the background, you need something else: deliberate learning.
Knowledge vs. Skills: Different Problems Need Different Solutions
Let’s consider two students who both score in the 20th percentile on GMAT Verbal. While their scores look identical, their underlying issues might be completely different.
Student A: Knowledge Gap
This student’s problem lies at the level of knowledge:
- Doesn’t know how an assumption differs from a strengthener
- Can’t identify the structure of data sufficiency questions
- Isn’t familiar with GMAT-specific question types
For Student A, even relatively passive practice might lead to improvement. Exposure to questions builds familiarity with concepts. Their problem is superficial enough that surface-level solutions can work.
Student B: Skills Gap
This student’s problem lies at the level of skills:
- Struggles with comprehension of complex texts
- Has difficulty following multi-step logical reasoning
- Cannot abstract principles from specific examples
For Student B, no amount of passive practice will help. They need a fundamentally different approach—one that addresses the root cause of their struggles.
Quote:
This article is primarily designed for students who have already tried extensive practice without seeing the results they want—those whose challenges likely include skill gaps that require deliberate attention.
What Is There to Learn?
When people think about GMAT learning, they often focus exclusively on concepts:
- “I need to learn assumption questions”
- “I need to understand number properties”
But effective learning happens at many different levels, from granular details to broader processes. Let’s explore what you might learn through deliberate analysis.
1. Word-Level Learnings
Sometimes, misunderstanding a single word can cost you a question.
Example: Consider this statement:
Quote:
If you misinterpret “some” to mean “not many” or “a minority,” you might incorrectly think that this statement is not in favor of moderate coffee consumption. In reality, “some” simply means “at least one” without specifying how many.
Another example:
Quote:
Many students read this as: “If the government reduces interest rates, then the housing market will improve.”
But that’s not what it says. “Only if” establishes a necessary condition, not a sufficient one. The correct interpretation is: “The housing market will improve → The government reduces interest rates.” This means rate reduction is necessary for improvement, but doesn’t guarantee it.
These subtle distinctions matter tremendously on the GMAT.
2. Phrase-Level Learnings
Certain phrases have specific logical implications that are easy to misinterpret.
Example:
Quote:
You might mistakenly think: “With bipartisan support, the policy will succeed.”
But the statement only tells you that bipartisan support is necessary, not that it’s sufficient. The policy might still fail even with support.
Learning to parse these common logical structures prevents common errors in Reading Comprehension and Critical Reasoning.
3. Sentence-Level Learnings
Complex sentences with multiple clauses can easily lead to misinterpretation.
Example:
Quote:
A hasty reading might lead you to believe this sentence primarily supports the monetary policy theory, when it actually presents evidence for the supply chain explanation.
Developing the habit of breaking down complex sentences into their component parts helps prevent such misunderstandings.
4. Connection-Level Learnings
This level concerns how ideas relate to each other across sentences and paragraphs.
Example: In a Reading Comprehension passage, you might encounter:
Quote:
The passage doesn’t explicitly state a causal relationship, but some people may assume one. If you think that the causal relationship between the two facts can be inferred, you are mistaken.
5. Reasoning-Level Learnings
At this level, you identify gaps in your logical thinking processes.
Example: In a Critical Reasoning question, you might evaluate:
Quote:
If you selected this as a valid conclusion, you’d be confusing correlation with causation. Perhaps healthier cities (with lower obesity rates) simply tend to build more bike lanes due to resident preferences.
6. Conceptual Learnings
This involves understanding the fundamental concepts tested by the GMAT.
Example: You might initially think that a “weaken” question in Critical Reasoning requires finding evidence that ‘proves’ the conclusion wrong. Through analysis, you learn that you only need to find evidence that makes the conclusion less likely, not necessarily impossible.
7. Process-Level Learnings
These insights relate to how you approach questions.
Example: After careful analysis, you might realize: “I consistently miss details in the last paragraph of Reading Comprehension passages because I rush through them, assuming they’re just conclusions.”
This discovery leads to a process change: deliberately slowing down on final paragraphs and actively looking for new information, not just summary.
8. Psychological and Mindset Learnings
These insights relate to how your emotions and attitudes affect performance.
Example: “When I see a long, complex sentence, I feel overwhelmed and skip ahead, hoping the next sentence will clarify things. This causes me to miss crucial information.”
Understanding these psychological patterns allows you to develop strategies to manage them effectively.
Quote:
Learning Is the Outcome of Sincere Analysis
Learning doesn’t happen automatically. It’s the result of intentional analysis.
The depth and sincerity of your analysis determine the quality of your learning. Half-hearted reviews lead to superficial insights; thorough, honest examination produces transformative understanding.
Specific vs. Generic Learning
Your insights can range from:
- Specific: “I misinterpreted the word ‘some’ to mean ‘a minority’ rather than ‘at least one'”
- Generic: “I need to read more carefully”
Both have value, but specific learnings are usually more actionable and helpful for immediate improvement.
The “No Repeat Takeaways” Rule
One of my core principles: You cannot have the same takeaway twice.
If you keep writing “I need to read more carefully” after every mistake, your learning process isn’t working. When a mistake repeats, ask yourself why you didn’t apply your earlier insight.
And keep asking why until you reach the real cause:
- “Why did I miss this assumption?”
- “I wasn’t looking for it carefully enough.”
- “Why wasn’t I careful enough?”
- “I was rushing because I felt behind on time.”
- “So, how will you prevent such an error if you are falling behind on time?”
- “By being aware of this tendency within me to rush and compromise on reasoning when I am short on time. It makes sense to do a few questions well and randomly mark the remaining rather than doing every question half-heartedly.”
This deeper inquiry reveals that your real issue isn’t comprehension or concept knowledge—it’s test anxiety affecting your pacing. And that requires a different solution than “read more carefully.”
How to Learn Deliberately (A Practical Process)
Now let’s translate these insights into a concrete process you can follow to transform your practice approach.
1. Start with Untimed Practice
Begin by removing time pressure entirely. This creates space for deep learning.
How:
- Select 3-5 questions (not dozens)
- Give yourself unlimited time
- Focus on thoroughness, not speed
Why it works: When you’re not racing against the clock, you can pay attention to your thinking process and catch subtle mistakes that would otherwise go unnoticed.
2. Document Your Thinking Process
Write down your thoughts as you solve each question.
How:
- Note your initial understanding of the question
- Record your process for eliminating each answer choice
- Write down any uncertainty or confusion you experience
Why it works: This creates a “thought trail” you can analyze later to identify where things went wrong.
3. Follow the “No Erasing” Rule
Never erase your thoughts, even if you later realize they’re wrong.
How:
- Use a notebook or document where you can preserve all your thinking
- If you change your mind, simply add new thoughts without removing old ones
Why it works: The paths you didn’t take—and your reasons for abandoning them—often contain valuable insights about your thinking patterns.
4. Mark Areas of Uncertainty
Highlight parts where you felt unsure, even if you answered correctly.
How:
- Use a simple system like question marks or colored highlighting
- Note specifically what confused you: a word, a logical connection, etc.
Why it works: Correct answers achieved through uncertainty or luck don’t represent true mastery. These areas need reinforcement even if they didn’t cause errors this time.
5. Analyze Before Checking Answers
Before looking at the correct answer, review your work and try to identify potential errors.
How:
- Ask yourself: “If my answer is wrong, where might I have gone astray?”
- Challenge your own reasoning
- Consider alternative interpretations
Why it works: This develops your self-assessment abilities and prevents the false confidence that comes from simply recognizing the correct answer.
6. Compare with Expert Explanations
Once you check the answer, compare your reasoning to the expert explanation.
How:
- Note discrepancies between your approach and the recommended one
- Identify if your error was in comprehension, reasoning, or concept application
- Pay attention to more efficient approaches you might have missed
Why it works: This reveals not just what you got wrong, but why—the crucial information needed for improvement.
7. Create Specific, Actionable Takeaways
For each question, develop concrete learnings you can apply next time.
How:
- Be specific: “When I see ‘only if,’ I need to verify the logical direction” (not just “be more careful”)
- Make it actionable: State exactly what you’ll do differently
- Address the root cause, not just the symptom
Why it works: Specific takeaways are easier to implement and remember than vague observations.
8. Track Patterns Across Questions
Look for recurring issues across multiple questions.
How:
- Keep a log of your errors and insights
- Periodically review to identify patterns
- Prioritize addressing the most frequent issues
Why it works: Patterns reveal your fundamental weaknesses, allowing you to make systemic improvements rather than just fixing isolated mistakes.
Common Pitfalls to Avoid
As you implement deliberate practice, be aware of these common traps:
1. Quantity Over Quality
The trap: Rushing to complete many questions instead of deeply analyzing a few.
Why it’s harmful: Volume creates an illusion of progress while often reinforcing bad habits.
Solution: Set goals based on quality of analysis, not number of questions completed.
2. Skipping Documentation
The trap: Analyzing questions “in your head” without writing down your thought process.
Why it’s harmful: Mental analysis is prone to hindsight bias and often misses crucial details.
Solution: Commit to writing down your complete thinking process for each question.
3. Ignoring Patterns
The trap: Treating each mistake as an isolated incident.
Why it’s harmful: You miss opportunities to address systematic weaknesses.
Solution: Regularly review your error log to identify recurring issues.
4. Rushing to Add Time Pressure
The trap: Introducing time constraints before mastering accuracy.
Why it’s harmful: Time pressure often causes regression to old habits.
Solution: Only add time constraints after achieving consistent accuracy in untimed practice.
5. Superficial Reviews
The trap: Simply reading explanations without comparing them to your own reasoning.
Why it’s harmful: You get the false sense that you understand without truly internalizing the lesson.
Solution: Actively compare your approach with the explanation, noting specific differences.
Quote:
Moving Towards Timed Practice
Once you’ve established strong fundamentals through deliberate practice, you can gradually introduce time constraints.
The key word is gradually. Follow this progression:
Phase 1: Focus on Accuracy (No Time Limit)
- Master concepts and reasoning
- Achieve consistently correct answers
- Develop systematic approaches to each question type
Phase 2: Work on Efficiency (Loose Time Goals)
- Set generous time targets (e.g., 3-4 minutes per question)
- Look for ways to streamline your process without sacrificing accuracy
- Eliminate unnecessary steps in your approach
Phase 3: Practice Under Test Conditions (Strict Timing)
- Apply official time constraints
- Learn to make strategic time-allocation decisions
- Practice recognizing when to move on from difficult questions
Quote:
Quick Start Guide: Try Deliberate Practice Today
Ready to transform your practice approach? Here’s a concrete plan to implement deliberate learning immediately:
Step 1: Select Your Material
- Choose 3-5 GMAT Verbal questions (preferably ones you haven’t seen before)
- Select questions from official GMAT materials for authenticity
Step 2: Prepare Your Documentation
- Set up a notebook or digital document
- Create sections for each question with space for:
- Your thought process
- Areas of uncertainty
- Comparison with official explanation
- Specific takeaways
Step 3: Practice Deliberately
- Remove all time constraints
- Write down your thinking as you work
- Mark areas of uncertainty, even if your answer is correct
- Before checking answers, try to identify potential weaknesses in your approach
Step 4: Analyze Deeply
- Check answers and compare with expert explanations
- Note specifically where and why your thinking differed
- Keep asking “why” until you reach root causes
- Create specific, actionable takeaways
Step 5: Implement and Iterate
- In your next practice session, specifically apply the insights you gained
- Note whether the same issues arise again
- If they do, dig deeper—you haven’t yet found the true root cause
Final Thoughts: The Courage to Slow Down
In a world obsessed with quick results, choosing deliberate practice requires courage. It means temporarily slowing down to ultimately go faster.
Remember: The GMAT is not testing how many questions you’ve seen. It’s testing how well you think.
PS: This article was originally posted here.
08 Apr 2025, 18:52
Kudos
Bookmarks
The part about word-level and connection-level misinterpretations was especially eye-opening. I’ve definitely fallen for those logical traps, like misreading “only if” and confusing necessity with sufficiency.
08 Apr 2025, 18:54
Kudos
Bookmarks
I also watched the video https://www.youtube.com/tunnel rushwatch?v=eWyL4BoC0Zg
One thing I’m wondering: How do you suggest balancing this deep, deliberate review process with the need to eventually do timed practice? It seems like a tough transition—especially when anxiety kicks in during the timed sections.
One thing I’m wondering: How do you suggest balancing this deep, deliberate review process with the need to eventually do timed practice? It seems like a tough transition—especially when anxiety kicks in during the timed sections.
