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30 Nov 2020, 10:18
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From the mid-1980s to the early 2000s, most substance abuse treatment in the U.S. was provided by specialty centers. These centers offered two main types of care:
• Outpatient care, where patients receive treatment during scheduled visits and do not stay overnight
• Inpatient care, where patients stay at the facility during treatment
In the early to mid-1990s, inpatient programs were seen as too expensive and less cost-effective than outpatient alternatives. As a result, there was a general shift toward outpatient care. Private insurers, in particular, began covering fewer inpatient treatments and focused more on outpatient programs.
During this period, spending on prescription medications for substance abuse remained a small portion of total treatment costs. Few FDA-approved drugs (the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is the agency that authorizes medications for use in the United States) were available: disulfiram and naltrexone were already in use for alcohol addiction, and acamprosate was added in 2004. Buprenorphine was FDA-approved in 2002 for opioid addiction. Methadone, another FDA-approved medication for opioid treatment, is not sold through regular pharmacies. Instead, it is administered at treatment centers, and its cost is counted as part of spending on those centers.
• Outpatient care, where patients receive treatment during scheduled visits and do not stay overnight
• Inpatient care, where patients stay at the facility during treatment
In the early to mid-1990s, inpatient programs were seen as too expensive and less cost-effective than outpatient alternatives. As a result, there was a general shift toward outpatient care. Private insurers, in particular, began covering fewer inpatient treatments and focused more on outpatient programs.
During this period, spending on prescription medications for substance abuse remained a small portion of total treatment costs. Few FDA-approved drugs (the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is the agency that authorizes medications for use in the United States) were available: disulfiram and naltrexone were already in use for alcohol addiction, and acamprosate was added in 2004. Buprenorphine was FDA-approved in 2002 for opioid addiction. Methadone, another FDA-approved medication for opioid treatment, is not sold through regular pharmacies. Instead, it is administered at treatment centers, and its cost is counted as part of spending on those centers.
Which of the following best describes the role of medications in substance use treatment through 2004, based on the information provided?
| A wide range of medications was routinely used in treatment | |
| Most approved medications were for opioid addiction | |
| Prescription drugs accounted for the majority of treatment spending | |
| Medications largely replaced outpatient and inpatient care | |
| Only a small number of FDA-approved medications were available |
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Official Answer
Only a small number of FDA-approved medications were available
30 Nov 2020, 10:18
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Official Solution:
• A wide range of medications was routinely used in treatment. The passage makes it clear that this was not the case. Medication use was limited, and prescription drug spending remained a minor part of total treatment costs. Not correct.
• Most approved medications were for opioid addiction. This is inaccurate. Only one medication—buprenorphine—was approved for opioids by 2004, while three were approved for alcohol. Not correct.
• Prescription drugs accounted for the majority of treatment spending. Tab 1 clearly states that prescription drug spending was a small portion of total substance abuse treatment costs. Not correct.
• Medications largely replaced outpatient and inpatient care. The passage does not support this. Medications were used alongside these treatments, not in place of them. Not correct.
• Only a small number of FDA-approved medications were available. Tab 1 confirms that only a few medications were approved through 2004—three for alcohol (disulfiram, naltrexone, acamprosate) and one for opioids (buprenorphine). Methadone was used as well but not counted under prescription drug spending. This accurately reflects the limited role of medications in treatment. Correct.
Correct answer:
Which of the following best describes the role of medications in substance use treatment through 2004, based on the information provided? "Only a small number of FDA-approved medications were available"
Bunuel
• A wide range of medications was routinely used in treatment. The passage makes it clear that this was not the case. Medication use was limited, and prescription drug spending remained a minor part of total treatment costs. Not correct.
• Most approved medications were for opioid addiction. This is inaccurate. Only one medication—buprenorphine—was approved for opioids by 2004, while three were approved for alcohol. Not correct.
• Prescription drugs accounted for the majority of treatment spending. Tab 1 clearly states that prescription drug spending was a small portion of total substance abuse treatment costs. Not correct.
• Medications largely replaced outpatient and inpatient care. The passage does not support this. Medications were used alongside these treatments, not in place of them. Not correct.
• Only a small number of FDA-approved medications were available. Tab 1 confirms that only a few medications were approved through 2004—three for alcohol (disulfiram, naltrexone, acamprosate) and one for opioids (buprenorphine). Methadone was used as well but not counted under prescription drug spending. This accurately reflects the limited role of medications in treatment. Correct.
Correct answer:
Which of the following best describes the role of medications in substance use treatment through 2004, based on the information provided? "Only a small number of FDA-approved medications were available"
