In 1891, the federal government assumed responsibility from the states for regulating immigration through the Immigration Act of 1891, which established the Office of Immigration (later the Bureau of Immigration) to administer immigration affairs. The government also appropriated money to build a new immigrant inspection station on Ellis Island. The Immigration Act assigned the Marine Hospital Service (later the Public Health Service) the responsibility of examining the health of immigrants entering the United States.
Before construction of Ellis Island’s first immigration depot began, the island was doubled in size with landfill. A ferry slip was dredged and a dock installed next to the main building site. A number of older buildings from the island’s time as a military post were adapted for reuse. Ellis Island’s first immigration building, constructed of Georgia pine, opened on January 1, 1892.
Due to the economic depression at the time, immigration was light and Ellis Island inspectors had no difficulty processing the fewer than 20,000 immigrants who arrived annually. On June 15, 1897, a fire destroyed the complex of wooden buildings. Although 140 immigrants and numerous employees were on the island, no one was killed.
The government announced almost immediately that Ellis Island would be rebuilt with fireproof buildings. The New York architectural firm of Boring and Tilton was awarded the contract after a competition entered by five outstanding firms, including McKim, Mead & White.
The first building to be built was the new main immigration building, which opened on December 17, 1900. Following its completion, the kitchen and laundry and powerhouse buildings were erected in 1901 and the island was enlarged by landfill to make room for a hospital complex. In March of 1902, the main hospital building opened. The hospital had the space and equipment to care for 125 patients but it was still not enough—the hospital was overwhelmed with patients diagnosed with trachoma, favus, and other contagious illnesses that warranted exclusion. Over the next seven years, additional buildings were added to the hospital complex, including the Hospital Addition/Administration building, the New Hospital Extension, and the Psychopathic Ward. The island was also enlarged once more using landfill, which allowed for the construction of a contagious disease hospital and isolation wards, as well as additional support buildings.
1. Which of the following statements best summarizes the passage? a. Architecture on Ellis Island set a precedent on how immigrants were treated, and was used as a means of segregation.
b. Immigrants were forced to stay in hospitals if they were not well enough to help build new buildings on the island before they were admitted to the United States.
c. Ellis Island had a health epidemic due to disease and illness brought by immigrants that led the government to build large extensions on the existing hospital and surrounding grounds.
d. The island had to be enlarged through the use of landfill to add many isolation wards for the mentally ill who were to be deported.
e. Due to a large fire, thousands of immigrants were deported until the island was completely demolished and rebuilt after the Great Depression.
2. What role did the federal government play in regulating immigration on Ellis Island? a. The government consulted an award-winning architecture firm that was hired to design buildings that had only small capacity, thus forcing overflow to be deported.
b. They oversaw the employment of every physically able immigrant to work on construction sites before they were accepted into the United States.
c. The government set up mandates such as one requiring that all immigrants be tested for literacy upon entering the United States.
d. Certain age groups were not allowed to enter the United States.
e. The government oversaw the physical and mental inspection of all people trying to enter the United States.
3. Which of the following statements presented in paragraph 2 helps to further the passage the most?a. The island was doubled in size with landfill.
b. Immigration was light due to an economic depression.
c. Older buildings already on the island were repurposed to function for immigration.
d. The buildings were constructed of Georgia pine.
e. The first immigration building was opened on January 1, 1892.
4. Based on the information provided, the author of the passage would most likely agree with which of the following statements? a. If the buildings had been made with fire-safe materials the first time around, a lot of energy could have been spared rebuilding the island.
b. It would have been advantageous to have built the hospital before any of the other buildings on the island.
c. An economic depression spared the island from being overwhelmed much sooner than it was.
d. The island was enlarged by landfill to accommodate people as more responsibilities for them presented themselves.
e. The creation of competition to erect the buildings on Ellis Island helped to keep the architects at their very best when drafting plans for expansion.
5. What was constructed after the completion of the third landfill? a. the main house constructed of Georgia pine
b. the laundry room
c. a psychopathic ward
d. a contagious disease ward
e. the main hospital building