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Updated on: 23 Jun 2020, 07:36
Originally posted by pathy on 17 Jan 2020, 21:34.
Last edited by Sajjad1994 on 23 Jun 2020, 07:36, edited 6 times in total.
Last edited by Sajjad1994 on 23 Jun 2020, 07:36, edited 6 times in total.
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Question 1
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
86% (02:57) correct
14%
(02:42) wrong
based on 284
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
75%
(hard)
Question Stats:
31% (01:09) correct 69%
(00:47) wrong
based on 322
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
75%
(hard)
Question Stats:
32% (01:03) correct 68%
(01:04) wrong
based on 315
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
94% (00:27) correct 6%
(00:26) wrong
based on 304
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 5
A
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
77% (00:36) correct 23%
(00:54) wrong
based on 308
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 6
D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
90% (00:53) correct 10%
(01:06) wrong
based on 304
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 7
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
Question Stats:
70% (00:53) correct 30%
(00:50) wrong
based on 298
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Project RC Butler 2020 - Participate and win GMAT Club Tests.
Passage # 168 Date: 23-Jun-2020
This post is a part of Project RC Butler 2020. Click here for Details
Passage # 168 Date: 23-Jun-2020
This post is a part of Project RC Butler 2020. Click here for Details
1992 10 SECTION B 17-23
In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer—government or private—should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women’s earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchs’s results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employers would be 14. 6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal.
In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of White male and female workers from the 1970 Census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Brown’s research design controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the study’s results. Brown’s results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed.
One can infer from Brown’s results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.
Brown’s results are clearly consistent with Fuch’s argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discrimination is not having as much effect on women’s earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.
In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer—government or private—should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women’s earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchs’s results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employers would be 14. 6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal.
In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of White male and female workers from the 1970 Census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Brown’s research design controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the study’s results. Brown’s results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed.
One can infer from Brown’s results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.
Brown’s results are clearly consistent with Fuch’s argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discrimination is not having as much effect on women’s earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.
1. The passage mentions all of the following as difficulties that self-employed women may encounter EXCEPT:
(A) discrimination from suppliers
(B) discrimination from consumers
(C) discrimination from financial institutions
(D) problems in obtaining good employees
(E) problems in obtaining government assistance
(A) discrimination from suppliers
(B) discrimination from consumers
(C) discrimination from financial institutions
(D) problems in obtaining good employees
(E) problems in obtaining government assistance
2. The author would be most likely to agree with which of the following conclusions about discrimination against women by private employers and by government employers?
(A) Both private employers and government employers discriminate, with equal effects on women’s earnings.
(B) Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by private employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings.
(C) Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by government employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings.
(D) Private employers discriminate; it is possible that government employers discriminate.
(E) Private employers discriminate; government employers do not discriminate.
(A) Both private employers and government employers discriminate, with equal effects on women’s earnings.
(B) Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by private employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings.
(C) Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by government employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings.
(D) Private employers discriminate; it is possible that government employers discriminate.
(E) Private employers discriminate; government employers do not discriminate.
3. A study of the practices of financial institutions that revealed no discrimination against self-employed women would tend to contradict which of the following?
(A) Some tentative results of Fuchs’s study
(B) Some explicit results of Brown’s study
(C) A suggestion made by the author
(D) Fuchs’s hypothesis
(E) Sanborn’s hypothesis
(A) Some tentative results of Fuchs’s study
(B) Some explicit results of Brown’s study
(C) A suggestion made by the author
(D) Fuchs’s hypothesis
(E) Sanborn’s hypothesis
4. According to Brown’s study, women’s earnings categories occur in which or the following orders, from highest earnings to lowest earnings?
(A) Government employment, self-employment, private employment
(B) Government employment, private employment, self-employment
(C) Private employment, self-employment, government employment
(D) Private employment, government employment, self-employment
(E) Self-employment, private employment, government employment
(A) Government employment, self-employment, private employment
(B) Government employment, private employment, self-employment
(C) Private employment, self-employment, government employment
(D) Private employment, government employment, self-employment
(E) Self-employment, private employment, government employment
5. The passage explicitly answers which of the following questions?
(A) Why were Black workers excluded from the sample used in Brown’s study?
(B) Why do private employers illuminate more against women than do government employers?
(C) Why do self-employed women have more difficulty than men in hiring high-quality employees?
(D) Why do suppliers discriminate against self-employed women?
(E) Are Black women and Black men treated similarly by employers and consumers?
(A) Why were Black workers excluded from the sample used in Brown’s study?
(B) Why do private employers illuminate more against women than do government employers?
(C) Why do self-employed women have more difficulty than men in hiring high-quality employees?
(D) Why do suppliers discriminate against self-employed women?
(E) Are Black women and Black men treated similarly by employers and consumers?
6. It can be inferred from the passage that the statements in the last paragraph are most probably which of the following?
(A) Brown’s elaboration of his research results
(B) Brown’s tentative inference from his data
(C) Brown’s conclusions, based on common-sense reasoning
(D) The author’s conclusions, based on Fuchs’s and Brown’s results
(E) The author’s criticisms of Fuchs’s argument, based on Brown’s results
(A) Brown’s elaboration of his research results
(B) Brown’s tentative inference from his data
(C) Brown’s conclusions, based on common-sense reasoning
(D) The author’s conclusions, based on Fuchs’s and Brown’s results
(E) The author’s criticisms of Fuchs’s argument, based on Brown’s results
7. Which of the following titles best describes the content of the passage as a whole?
(A) The Necessity for Earnings Differentials in a Free Market Economy
(B) Why Discrimination Against Employed Women by Government Employers and Private Employers Differs from Discrimination Against Self-Employed Women by Consumers
(C) How Discrimination Affects Women’s Choice of Type of Employment
(D) The Relative Effect of Private Employer Discrimination on Men’s Earnings as Compared to Women’s Earnings
(E) The Relative Effect of Discrimination by Government Employers, Private Employers, and Consumers on Women’s Earnings
(A) The Necessity for Earnings Differentials in a Free Market Economy
(B) Why Discrimination Against Employed Women by Government Employers and Private Employers Differs from Discrimination Against Self-Employed Women by Consumers
(C) How Discrimination Affects Women’s Choice of Type of Employment
(D) The Relative Effect of Private Employer Discrimination on Men’s Earnings as Compared to Women’s Earnings
(E) The Relative Effect of Discrimination by Government Employers, Private Employers, and Consumers on Women’s Earnings
15 Apr 2020, 02:27
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600 Level Passage
1. The passage mentions all of the following as difficulties that self-employed women may encounter EXCEPT:
(A) discrimination from suppliers
(B) discrimination from consumers
(C) discrimination from financial institutions
(D) problems in obtaining good employees
(E) problems in obtaining government assistance
Pretty easy one. Just check the content in third paragraph. Customers, employees, suppliers and financial institutions are clearly mentioned there. Government assistance is the only missing part. Hence Option “E”.
2. The author would be most likely to agree with which of the following conclusions about discrimination against women by private employers and by government employers?
(A) Both private employers and government employers discriminate, with equal effects on women’s earnings.
(B) Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by private employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings.
(C) Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by government employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings.
(D) Private employers discriminate; it is possible that government employers discriminate.
(E) Private employers discriminate; government employers do not discriminate.
The last para clearly mentions that discrimination by Private employers is for sure. And results does not prove that government emoloyers does not discriminate. This content is clearly summarized in Option “D”.
3. A study of the practices of financial institutions that revealed no discrimination against self-employed women would tend to contradict which of the following?
(A) Some tentative results of Fuchs’s study
(B) Some explicit results of Brown’s study
(C) A suggestion made by the author
(D) Fuchs’s hypothesis
(E) Sanborn’s hypothesis
Somewhat tricky question in the entire set. Observe that the assumption and systhesis of discrimination is clearly done by the author himself. As mentioned by the author, Fuchs and brown merely ratified the authors mind by their researches. Hence any attach on the plausibility of the women discrimination will contradict with the author. Hence Option “C”.
4. According to Brown’s study, women’s earnings categories occur in which or the following orders, from highest earnings to lowest earnings?
(A) Government employment, self-employment, private employment
(B) Government employment, private employment, self-employment
(C) Private employment, self-employment, government employment
(D) Private employment, government employment, self-employment
(E) Self-employment, private employment, government employment
Low hanging fruit. The answer is clearly mentioned in second para last sentence. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed. Hence Option “B”.
5. The passage explicitly answers which of the following questions?
(A) Why were Black workers excluded from the sample used in Brown’s study?
(B) Why do private employers illuminate more against women than do government employers?
(C) Why do self-employed women have more difficulty than men in hiring high-quality employees?
(D) Why do suppliers discriminate against self-employed women?
(E) Are Black women and Black men treated similarly by employers and consumers?
Check second para, the sentence demarked between brackets. It clearly states why black workers are excluded from the study. All the other options are merely stated in the passage and were not explained in terms of causality. Hence Option “A”.
6. It can be inferred from the passage that the statements in the last paragraph are most probably which of the following?
(A) Brown’s elaboration of his research results
(B) Brown’s tentative inference from his data
(C) Brown’s conclusions, based on common-sense reasoning
(D) The author’s conclusions, based on Fuchs’s and Brown’s results
(E) The author’s criticisms of Fuchs’s argument, based on Brown’s results
Author clearly collates all the research data from Fuchs and Brown and gives his opinion as a conclusion. This is clearly conveyed in Option “D”.
7. Which of the following titles best describes the content of the passage as a whole?
(A) The Necessity for Earnings Differentials in a Free Market Economy
(B) Why Discrimination Against Employed Women by Government Employers and Private Employers Differs from Discrimination Against Self-Employed Women by Consumers
(C) How Discrimination Affects Women’s Choice of Type of Employment
(D) The Relative Effect of Private Employer Discrimination on Men’s Earnings as Compared to Women’s Earnings
(E) The Relative Effect of Discrimination by Government Employers, Private Employers, and Consumers on Women’s Earnings
Option A – Wrong. Passage speaks about the earnings differentials but not about their necessity.
Option B – Wrong. Passage speaks about all the employers’ differential treatment of women’s earnings, but the passage never ventures into the reasons of why each one differ from each other.
Option C – Wrong. Passage never speaks about women’s ‘choice’ of employment. It just presents the situation in each type of employment.
Opton D – Wrong. Passage never particularly compared men with women in private employment.
Option E – Correct. The passage relatively compares women’s earnings in all three types of employers.
1. The passage mentions all of the following as difficulties that self-employed women may encounter EXCEPT:
(A) discrimination from suppliers
(B) discrimination from consumers
(C) discrimination from financial institutions
(D) problems in obtaining good employees
(E) problems in obtaining government assistance
Pretty easy one. Just check the content in third paragraph. Customers, employees, suppliers and financial institutions are clearly mentioned there. Government assistance is the only missing part. Hence Option “E”.
2. The author would be most likely to agree with which of the following conclusions about discrimination against women by private employers and by government employers?
(A) Both private employers and government employers discriminate, with equal effects on women’s earnings.
(B) Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by private employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings.
(C) Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by government employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings.
(D) Private employers discriminate; it is possible that government employers discriminate.
(E) Private employers discriminate; government employers do not discriminate.
The last para clearly mentions that discrimination by Private employers is for sure. And results does not prove that government emoloyers does not discriminate. This content is clearly summarized in Option “D”.
3. A study of the practices of financial institutions that revealed no discrimination against self-employed women would tend to contradict which of the following?
(A) Some tentative results of Fuchs’s study
(B) Some explicit results of Brown’s study
(C) A suggestion made by the author
(D) Fuchs’s hypothesis
(E) Sanborn’s hypothesis
Somewhat tricky question in the entire set. Observe that the assumption and systhesis of discrimination is clearly done by the author himself. As mentioned by the author, Fuchs and brown merely ratified the authors mind by their researches. Hence any attach on the plausibility of the women discrimination will contradict with the author. Hence Option “C”.
4. According to Brown’s study, women’s earnings categories occur in which or the following orders, from highest earnings to lowest earnings?
(A) Government employment, self-employment, private employment
(B) Government employment, private employment, self-employment
(C) Private employment, self-employment, government employment
(D) Private employment, government employment, self-employment
(E) Self-employment, private employment, government employment
Low hanging fruit. The answer is clearly mentioned in second para last sentence. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed. Hence Option “B”.
5. The passage explicitly answers which of the following questions?
(A) Why were Black workers excluded from the sample used in Brown’s study?
(B) Why do private employers illuminate more against women than do government employers?
(C) Why do self-employed women have more difficulty than men in hiring high-quality employees?
(D) Why do suppliers discriminate against self-employed women?
(E) Are Black women and Black men treated similarly by employers and consumers?
Check second para, the sentence demarked between brackets. It clearly states why black workers are excluded from the study. All the other options are merely stated in the passage and were not explained in terms of causality. Hence Option “A”.
6. It can be inferred from the passage that the statements in the last paragraph are most probably which of the following?
(A) Brown’s elaboration of his research results
(B) Brown’s tentative inference from his data
(C) Brown’s conclusions, based on common-sense reasoning
(D) The author’s conclusions, based on Fuchs’s and Brown’s results
(E) The author’s criticisms of Fuchs’s argument, based on Brown’s results
Author clearly collates all the research data from Fuchs and Brown and gives his opinion as a conclusion. This is clearly conveyed in Option “D”.
7. Which of the following titles best describes the content of the passage as a whole?
(A) The Necessity for Earnings Differentials in a Free Market Economy
(B) Why Discrimination Against Employed Women by Government Employers and Private Employers Differs from Discrimination Against Self-Employed Women by Consumers
(C) How Discrimination Affects Women’s Choice of Type of Employment
(D) The Relative Effect of Private Employer Discrimination on Men’s Earnings as Compared to Women’s Earnings
(E) The Relative Effect of Discrimination by Government Employers, Private Employers, and Consumers on Women’s Earnings
Option A – Wrong. Passage speaks about the earnings differentials but not about their necessity.
Option B – Wrong. Passage speaks about all the employers’ differential treatment of women’s earnings, but the passage never ventures into the reasons of why each one differ from each other.
Option C – Wrong. Passage never speaks about women’s ‘choice’ of employment. It just presents the situation in each type of employment.
Opton D – Wrong. Passage never particularly compared men with women in private employment.
Option E – Correct. The passage relatively compares women’s earnings in all three types of employers.
29 Apr 2020, 00:18
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Q2's Answer ->
The results do not prove that the government does not discriminate against women.... if the government is discriminating against women, its discrimination is not having as much effect on women’s earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.
Q3's Answer ->
One can infer from Brown’s results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women.... may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.
The results do not prove that the government does not discriminate against women.... if the government is discriminating against women, its discrimination is not having as much effect on women’s earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.
Q3's Answer ->
One can infer from Brown’s results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women.... may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.
