In contemporary autobiographical works by Black Americans experiments in imaginative prose appear almost as frequently as traditional historical chronology. Any well-crafted autobiography is inevitably literary because it contains a special kind of historical narrative, one that combines imagination with memory. This is true even when the personal history focuses on chronology and factual detail and such "eventfulness" of the IIY-I makes its artistry less apparent. However, the lice experiences of a number of Black autobiographers have inspired an approach to storytelling that goes beyond the limits of the standard historical narrative. In one common form an important figure, such as Nate Shaw, collaborates with a coauthor to produce a vernacular narrative that captures an authentic speaking voice. Another common form is the novelistic narrative, often the creation of literary artists such as James Baldwin.
Of special interest is the fact that such forms also are evident in the autobiographies of some prominent figures who, for good reason, but perhaps contrary to expectation, have not chosen to unfold their respective stories within the usual chronological framework. A case in point is the Autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois, completed in 1960 when the Black sociologist and leader was over ninety and a voluntary exile in Ghana.
The opening chapters of Du Bois' Autobiography report impressions of his latest trip across Europe and what follows is an account of his madly changed view of society, a change that occurred, he asserts, as a result not only of his latest tour, but also of the trips that had preceded it. Only after these factors are set forth does the narrator return, via the cities of Prague, Moscow, and Peking, to the beginning: his birthplace "by a golden river and in the shadow of two great hills" in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. These dislocations in chronological time convey Du Bois' image of his life as a long spiral. The line is traced by the successive journeys that often traverse terrain previously covered. These returns signify continuity and repetition, just as Du Bois' experiences as a Black American did not change in some fundamental respects. Yet the tine also wavers in response to new historical forces, sweeping him and almost everyone else along on an altered path. Du Bois sees history as both cyclical and linear, and much of the force of the Autobiography derives from this dual outlook, expressed in the imagery of the traveler. By contrast, Du Bois remarks that in his earlier writings, "the content rather than the form was to me of prime importanc.t." But now the aged writer has found the right narrative style for expressing the truth he lived for nearly a century.
1. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?A. Literary Qualities Seldom Found in Autobiographies
B. Cultural Variations among Traditional Historical Chronologies
C. Contrast Among Historical Views of Black Autobiographies
D. Narrative Styles in the Autobiographies of Contemporary Black Americans
E. Origins of Narrative Forms Refined by Contemporary Black American Autobiogra-phers
2. The author develops his topic byA. noting the origins of a distinction and questioning its contemporary value
B. explaining an assertion and providing illustrative examples
C. presenting the implications of a paradox and evaluating their importance
D. revealing the internal inconsistencies of a position and formulating a more coherent position
E. offering an alternative conclusion and supporting that alternative
3. According to the passage Du Bois described his life in terms of which of the following?I. Continuity
II. Repetition
III. Change
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. 1 and III only
E. I, II, and III
4. The author implies that the life experiences of a number of Black autobiographers led them to do which of the following?A. Conclude that the well-crafted autobiography is inevitably literary
B. Challenge the belief that Du Bois' Autobiography is structured chronologically
C. Adopt the style used by Du Bois in his earliest writing
D. Question whether autobiography is a special kind of historical narrative
E. Experiment with the techniques of fiction in their autobiographical writing
5. The author expressly names each of the following places EXCEPTA. the town where Du Bois was born
B. the city in which Du Bois started writing his autobiography
C. the country where Du Bois became a voluntary exile
D. two continents that Du Bois crossed during the fifteenth journey of his career
E. several national capitals to which Du Bois journeyed
6. Of the following, which best describes the author's attitude toward autobiographies that extend "beyond the limits of the standard historical narrative" (Highlighted)?A. acceptance
B. indifference
C. ambivalence
D. impatience
E. condescension
7. The author states that Du Bois' Autobiography reveals which of the following about the narrator?A. His sensed that his life experiences had been very different from those of most Black Americans.
B. He had recently formulated an entirely original sociological thesis.
C. He had subordinated his lifelong interest in history to his emerging interest in literature.
D. He felt that his life had been fundamentally altered by historical forces.
E. He thought that he was the first American writer to exploit literary techniques in an autobiographical narrative.
8. The author implies that it was only in Du Bois' later years that Du Bois did which of the following?A. Consciously perfected the expressive style that he began to develop as a young writer.
B. Exploited the expressive possibilities of narrative form.
C. Evaluated the significance of his accomplishments as a Black leader.
D. Revisited his birthplace.
E. Transcended his desire to formulate a coherent view of history.