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jyotsnasarabu
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It has been estimated that the annual cost to the United States of Updated on: 04 Jul 2021, 05:27
Originally posted by jyotsnasarabu on 28 Nov 2006, 12:10.
Last edited by Bunuel on 04 Jul 2021, 05:27, edited 5 times in total.
Renamed the topic and edited the question.
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It has been estimated that the annual cost to the United States of illiteracy in lost industrial output and tax revenues is at least $20 billion a year.


(A) the annual cost to the United States of illiteracy in lost industrial output and tax revenues is at least $20 billion a year

(B) the annual cost of illiteracy to the United States is at least $20 billion a year because of lost industrial output and tax revenues

(C) illiteracy costs the United States at least $20 billion a year in lost industrial output and tax revenues

(D) $20 billion a year in lost industrial output and tax revenues is the annual cost to the United States of illiteracy

(E) lost industrial output and tax revenues cost the United States at least $20 billion a year because of illiteracy



Show Spoiler
https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/22/science/education-widespread-illiteracy-burdens-the-nation.html

In his book Mr. Kozol estimated that the direct annual cost to the nation of illiteracy in lost industrial output and tax revenues was at least $20 billion. But that, he said, does not include billions of dollars in such costs as crime resulting from illiteracy.
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It has been estimated that the annual cost to the United States of 19 Jun 2022, 23:12
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(E) lost industrial output and tax revenues cost the United States at least $20 billion a year because of illiteracy

(E) lost industrial output and tax revenues costs the United States at least $20 billion a year because of illiteracy

lost industrial output and tax revenues : one thing
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It has been estimated that the annual cost to the United States of 11 Sep 2022, 11:51
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AjiteshArun
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It must be also mentioned that B could be correct if it used due to instead of 'because of'.

Quote:
(B) the annual cost of illiteracy to the United States is at least $20 billion due to lost industrial output and tax revenues
If we want to use due to as an adjective, we would not want a due to in there.

X is due to Y.
This could be acceptable.

X is $20 billion due to Y.
This is not acceptable. We're not talking about either X or $20 billion separately.

Let me know if I've overlooked something. I'd be happy to know about it.

aashishlandmark
But in the official guide explanation it says that the idiom "Because of " is incorrect here.
Look at this as a meaning issue rather than something to do with grammar. The because of is incorrect because it does not give us the right meaning. We are not looking to provide the reason for something here. Instead, we're looking to provide, loosely speaking, a category.

Last year, we lost $20,000 because of bad marketing.
The bad marketing bit identifies the cause of the loss, but not the type of the loss ("category").

Last year, bad marketing cost us $20,000 in lost revenue.
Last year, bad marketing cost us $20,000 in lost profits.
Last year, bad marketing cost us $20,000 in lost goodwill.

You can see here that lost revenue/profits/goodwill is not something that tells us what the problem was (the problem was bad marketing). Instead, it's telling us what that $20,000 was "made of". In other words, the possibility that bad marketing actually led to a much larger overall loss exists. That is, maybe the overall loss was $60,000 (20 in R + 20 in P + 20 in G). So we could even combine those sentences and say something like this:

Last year, bad marketing cost us $5,000 in lost revenue, $10,000 in lost profits, and $20,000 in lost goodwill.
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Hi,

Please can you explain the "If we want to use due to as an adjective, we would not want a due to in there" part with sentences.

I'm not getting the explanations stated above for this concept.

Thanks
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It has been estimated that the annual cost to the United States of 21 Nov 2022, 06:17
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jyotsnasarabu
It has been estimated that the annual cost to the United States of illiteracy in lost industrial output and tax revenues is at least $20 billion a year.


(A) the annual cost to the United States of illiteracy in lost industrial output and tax revenues is at least $20 billion a year

(B) the annual cost of illiteracy to the United States is at least $20 billion a year because of lost industrial output and tax revenues

(C) illiteracy costs the United States at least $20 billion a year in lost industrial output and tax revenues

(D) $20 billion a year in lost industrial output and tax revenues is the annual cost to the United States of illiteracy

(E) lost industrial output and tax revenues cost the United States at least $20 billion a year because of illiteracy



Show Spoiler
https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/22/science/education-widespread-illiteracy-burdens-the-nation.html

In his book Mr. Kozol estimated that the direct annual cost to the nation of illiteracy in lost industrial output and tax revenues was at least $20 billion. But that, he said, does not include billions of dollars in such costs as crime resulting from illiteracy.
Show more

Hello Experts EducationAisle AjiteshArun ,

In option B , do we have any other error apart from the redundancy error of annual cost and per year ?

Thanks.
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It has been estimated that the annual cost to the United States of 22 Nov 2022, 05:32
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PriyamRathor
jyotsnasarabu
It has been estimated that the annual cost to the United States of illiteracy in lost industrial output and tax revenues is at least $20 billion a year.


(A) the annual cost to the United States of illiteracy in lost industrial output and tax revenues is at least $20 billion a year

(B) the annual cost of illiteracy to the United States is at least $20 billion a year because of lost industrial output and tax revenues

(C) illiteracy costs the United States at least $20 billion a year in lost industrial output and tax revenues

(D) $20 billion a year in lost industrial output and tax revenues is the annual cost to the United States of illiteracy

(E) lost industrial output and tax revenues cost the United States at least $20 billion a year because of illiteracy



Show Spoiler
https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/22/science/education-widespread-illiteracy-burdens-the-nation.html

In his book Mr. Kozol estimated that the direct annual cost to the nation of illiteracy in lost industrial output and tax revenues was at least $20 billion. But that, he said, does not include billions of dollars in such costs as crime resulting from illiteracy.

Hello Experts EducationAisle AjiteshArun ,

In option B , do we have any other error apart from the redundancy error of annual cost and per year ?

Thanks.
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Hello PriyamRathor,

We hope this finds you well.

To answer your query, another error in Option B is the incorrect use of "because of" to refer to the nouns "lost industrial output and tax revenues"; remember, "due to" is used to modify nouns, and "because of" is used to modify verbs and clauses.

We hope this helps.
All the best!
Experts' Global Team
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It has been estimated that the annual cost to the United States of 25 Nov 2023, 08:20
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