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unicornilove
Hi Bunuel could you explain whats the proof that avg speed will be less than speed of each half?
Bunuel
Official Solution:


Odyssey runs from the Trojan Horse, which does not move, to the gates of Troy and back to the Trojan Horse by the same path. Was his average speed less than 20 kilometres per hour for the entire journey ?

Say the distance between the gates and the horse is \(d\) kilometres, the time Odyssey needs to reach the gates is \(t_1\) hours and the time Odyssey needs to reach the horse back is \(t_2\) hours.

\(Average \ speed=\frac{total \ distance}{total \ time}=\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2}\). Here notice that since both \(t_1\) and \(t_2\) are positive, then \(\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2} < \frac{2d}{t_1}\) and \(\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2} < \frac{2d}{t_2}\). This means that the average speed for the round trip (\(\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2}\)) must be less than twice the speed during each half (\(2*\frac{d}{t_1}\) and \(2*\frac{d}{t_2}\)).

(1) Odyssey's average speed from the Trojan Horse to the gates of Troy was greater than 40 kilometres per hour.

Test extreme cases:

If Odyssey's average speed back to the horse were also high, say close to the speed of light, then the average speed for the round trip would obviously be more that 20 kilometres per hour.

If Odyssey's average speed back to the horse were very small, say close to 0 kilometres per hour, (in this case \(t_2\) would be infinitely big) and his speed to the gates were say 50 kilometres per hour, then the average speed for the round trip would be close to 0, so less that 20 kilometres per hour.

Not sufficient.

(2) Odyssey's average speed from the gates of Troy to the Trojan Horse was less than 10 kilometres per hour.

The above means that \(\frac{d}{t_2} < 10\)

Multiply by 2: \(2*\frac{d}{t_2} < 20\).

As discussed, we know that the average speed for the round trip (\(\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2}\)) must be less than twice the speed during each half (\(2*\frac{d}{t_1}\) and \(2*\frac{d}{t_2}\)). So, \(\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2} < 2*\frac{d}{t_2} < 20\). Sufficient.


Answer: B
­
The solution does not say that. It says: the average speed for the round trip (\(\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2}\)) must be less than twice the speed during each half (\(2*\frac{d}{t_1}\) and \(2*\frac{d}{t_2}\)).
­
Can you please tell me which part is unclear below?
­
\(Average \ speed=\frac{total \ distance}{total \ time}=\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2}\). Here notice that since both \(t_1\) and \(t_2\) are positive, then \(\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2} < \frac{2d}{t_1}\) and \(\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2} < \frac{2d}{t_2}\). This means that the average speed for the round trip (\(\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2}\)) must be less than twice the speed during each half (\(2*\frac{d}{t_1}\) and \(2*\frac{d}{t_2}\)).­
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Bunuel
 
unicornilove
Hi Bunuel could you explain whats the proof that avg speed will be less than speed of each half?
Bunuel
Official Solution:


Odyssey runs from the Trojan Horse, which does not move, to the gates of Troy and back to the Trojan Horse by the same path. Was his average speed less than 20 kilometres per hour for the entire journey ?

Say the distance between the gates and the horse is \(d\) kilometres, the time Odyssey needs to reach the gates is \(t_1\) hours and the time Odyssey needs to reach the horse back is \(t_2\) hours.

\(Average \ speed=\frac{total \ distance}{total \ time}=\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2}\). Here notice that since both \(t_1\) and \(t_2\) are positive, then \(\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2} < \frac{2d}{t_1}\) and \(\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2} < \frac{2d}{t_2}\). This means that the average speed for the round trip (\(\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2}\)) must be less than twice the speed during each half (\(2*\frac{d}{t_1}\) and \(2*\frac{d}{t_2}\)).

(1) Odyssey's average speed from the Trojan Horse to the gates of Troy was greater than 40 kilometres per hour.

Test extreme cases:

If Odyssey's average speed back to the horse were also high, say close to the speed of light, then the average speed for the round trip would obviously be more that 20 kilometres per hour.

If Odyssey's average speed back to the horse were very small, say close to 0 kilometres per hour, (in this case \(t_2\) would be infinitely big) and his speed to the gates were say 50 kilometres per hour, then the average speed for the round trip would be close to 0, so less that 20 kilometres per hour.

Not sufficient.

(2) Odyssey's average speed from the gates of Troy to the Trojan Horse was less than 10 kilometres per hour.

The above means that \(\frac{d}{t_2} < 10\)

Multiply by 2: \(2*\frac{d}{t_2} < 20\).

As discussed, we know that the average speed for the round trip (\(\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2}\)) must be less than twice the speed during each half (\(2*\frac{d}{t_1}\) and \(2*\frac{d}{t_2}\)). So, \(\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2} < 2*\frac{d}{t_2} < 20\). Sufficient.


Answer: B
­
The solution does not say that. It says: the average speed for the round trip (\(\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2}\)) must be less than twice the speed during each half (\(2*\frac{d}{t_1}\) and \(2*\frac{d}{t_2}\)).
­
Can you please tell me which part is unclear below?
­
\(Average \ speed=\frac{total \ distance}{total \ time}=\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2}\). Here notice that since both \(t_1\) and \(t_2\) are positive, then \(\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2} < \frac{2d}{t_1}\) and \(\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2} < \frac{2d}{t_2}\). This means that the average speed for the round trip (\(\frac{2d}{t_1+t_2}\)) must be less than twice the speed during each half (\(2*\frac{d}{t_1}\) and \(2*\frac{d}{t_2}\)).­


Hi Bunuel,
I also didn’t get the explanation. The “twice” there.
How from the average equation you come up with the “twice”? The algebra isn’t clear for me at this moment.
“the average speed for the round trip must be less than twice the speed during each half?”
Why is that algebraic? I got the inequalities part that they both need to be greater than the average (because they are positive) but from them to the twice part. I don’t understand..


I tested cases and I found that the answer is B. But I don’t understand the reasoning behind that.

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OmerKor

Hi Bunuel,
I also didn’t get the explanation. The “twice” there.
How from the average equation you come up with the “twice”? The algebra isn’t clear for me at this moment.
“the average speed for the round trip must be less than twice the speed during each half?”
Why is that algebraic? I got the inequalities part that they both need to be greater than the average (because they are positive) but from them to the twice part. I don’t understand..


I tested cases and I found that the answer is B. But I don’t understand the reasoning behind that.

Posted from my mobile device
­
Not to repeat myself, I can direct you to the following topic for alternative solutions:

https://gmatclub.com/forum/gmat-club-ol ... 66939.html­

Hope it helps.
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Odyssey travels:
From the Trojan Horse to the Gates of Troy.
Then returns from the Gates of Troy to the Trojan Horse.
We are tasked to find whether Odyssey's average speed for the round trip is less than 20 km/h.
Formulas and Key Definitions:
The average speed is calculated as:
Average speed = Total Time / Total Distance.
If
D is the distance from the Trojan Horse to the Gates of Troy:
Total distance for the round trip = 2D
Total time = t1 + t2 where:
t1 = D/v1 (time to reach the Gates of Troy at speed v1)
t2 = D/v1 ( time to return to the Trojan Horse at speed v2)
Thus:

Average Speed: 2D / t1 + t2 = 2D / (D/v1 + D/v2) = 2v1v2 /(v1 + v2).

We want to check:
2v1v2 /(v1 + v2) < 20 ?

Using extreme cases is an excellent approach to verify sufficiency in GMAT Data Sufficiency questions!

Using the Statements:

Statement 1) v1 > 40km/h.

Case 1:
v1 = 41 (just above 40) and v2 = 1 (very low)
Substituting into the formula:
Average Speed = 2.(41).(1) / (41 + 1) = 82/42 ≈ 1.95 km/h.
This is much less than 20 km/h.

Case 2:
v1 = 41 (just above 40) and v2 = 1,000,000 (extremely high)
Substituting into the formula:
Average Speed = 2.(41).(1,000,000) / (41 + 1,000,000) ≈ 82,000,000/1,000,041 ≈ 82 km/h.
This is much greater than 20 km/h.

Depending on the value of v2, the average speed can be either less than 20 or greater than 20, so Statement (1) is insufficient.

Statement 2) v2 < 10km/h.

Case 1:
v1 = 1 (very low) and v2 = 9 (close to 10)
Substituting into the formula:
Average Speed = 2.(1).(9) / (1 + 9) = 18/10 = 1.8 km/h.
This is much less than 20 km/h.

Case 2:
v1 = 1,000,000 (extremely high) and v2 = 9 (close to 10)
Substituting into the formula:
Average Speed = 2.(1,000,000).9 / (1,000,000 + 9) ≈ 18,000,000/1,000,009 ≈ 18 km/h.
This is still less than 20 km/h.

No matter the value of v1, as long as v2<10, the average speed will always be less than 20 km/h, so Statement (2) is sufficient.
Answer : B

At first glance, both statements might seem equal because they describe parts of the journey using speed limits. However, their impact on the question differs, and this difference lies in how the constraints in Statement (2) directly limit the average speed calculation, while Statement (1) leaves a degree of freedom that makes it insufficient. Statement 2) v2 < 10 explicitly states that the return journey speed is always less than 10 km/h, creating a strong constraint on the average speed. Even if v1 is extremely high, the slow return journey dominates the total time, forcing the average speed to be low.
Conclusion
The specific numbers matter because they define the constraints and the threshold for comparison. However, the logical reasoning remains the same:
Statement (1) is insufficient because it does not constrain v2, regardless of the numbers.
Statement (2) is sufficient because it imposes a strict limit on v2, which dominates the total time calculation.
If the numbers change, the exact sufficiency might also change depending on how restrictive the new constraints are. (IMO)
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