Odyssey travels:
From the Trojan Horse to the Gates of Troy.
Then returns from the Gates of Troy to the Trojan Horse.
We are tasked to find whether Odyssey's average speed for the round trip is less than 20 km/h.
Formulas and Key Definitions:
The average speed is calculated as:
Average speed = Total Time / Total Distance.
If
D is the distance from the Trojan Horse to the Gates of Troy:
Total distance for the round trip = 2D
Total time = t1 + t2 where:
t1 = D/v1 (time to reach the Gates of Troy at speed v1)
t2 = D/v1 ( time to return to the Trojan Horse at speed v2)
Thus:
Average Speed: 2D / t1 + t2 = 2D / (D/v1 + D/v2) = 2v1v2 /(v1 + v2).
We want to check:
2v1v2 /(v1 + v2) < 20 ?
Using extreme cases is an excellent approach to verify sufficiency in GMAT Data Sufficiency questions!
Using the Statements:
Statement 1) v1 > 40km/h.
Case 1:
v1 = 41 (just above 40) and v2 = 1 (very low)
Substituting into the formula:
Average Speed = 2.(41).(1) / (41 + 1) = 82/42 ≈ 1.95 km/h.
This is much less than 20 km/h.
Case 2:
v1 = 41 (just above 40) and v2 = 1,000,000 (extremely high)
Substituting into the formula:
Average Speed = 2.(41).(1,000,000) / (41 + 1,000,000) ≈ 82,000,000/1,000,041 ≈ 82 km/h.
This is much greater than 20 km/h.
Depending on the value of v2, the average speed can be either less than 20 or greater than 20, so Statement (1) is insufficient.
Statement 2) v2 < 10km/h.
Case 1:
v1 = 1 (very low) and v2 = 9 (close to 10)
Substituting into the formula:
Average Speed = 2.(1).(9) / (1 + 9) = 18/10 = 1.8 km/h.
This is much less than 20 km/h.
Case 2:
v1 = 1,000,000 (extremely high) and v2 = 9 (close to 10)
Substituting into the formula:
Average Speed = 2.(1,000,000).9 / (1,000,000 + 9) ≈ 18,000,000/1,000,009 ≈ 18 km/h.
This is still less than 20 km/h.
No matter the value of v1, as long as v2<10, the average speed will always be less than 20 km/h, so Statement (2) is sufficient.
Answer : B
At first glance, both statements might seem equal because they describe parts of the journey using speed limits. However, their impact on the question differs, and this difference lies in how the constraints in Statement (2) directly limit the average speed calculation, while Statement (1) leaves a degree of freedom that makes it insufficient. Statement 2) v2 < 10 explicitly states that the return journey speed is always less than 10 km/h, creating a strong constraint on the average speed. Even if v1 is extremely high, the slow return journey dominates the total time, forcing the average speed to be low.
Conclusion
The specific numbers matter because they define the constraints and the threshold for comparison. However, the logical reasoning remains the same:
Statement (1) is insufficient because it does not constrain v2, regardless of the numbers.
Statement (2) is sufficient because it imposes a strict limit on v2, which dominates the total time calculation.
If the numbers change, the exact sufficiency might also change depending on how restrictive the new constraints are. (IMO)