Last visit was: 06 Sep 2026, 00:50 It is currently 06 Sep 2026, 00:50
Home
Messages
Tests
Schools
Events
Close
GMAT Club Daily Prep
Thank you for using the timer - this advanced tool can estimate your performance and suggest more practice questions. We have subscribed you to Daily Prep Questions via email.

Customized
for You

we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History

Track
Your Progress

every week, we’ll send you an estimated GMAT score based on your performance

Practice
Pays

we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History
Not interested in getting valuable practice questions and articles delivered to your email? No problem, unsubscribe here.
Go to My Error Log Learn more
Close
Request Expert Reply
Confirm Cancel
Back to Forum
Create Topic
   1   2 
Sub 505 (Easy)|   Long Passage|   Science|                           
User avatar
avigutman
User avatar
Joined: 17 Jul 2019
Last visit: 27 Jun 2026
Posts: 1,285
Own Kudos:
919
 [2]
Given Kudos: 66
Location: Canada
Schools: NYU Stern (WA)
GMAT 1: 780 Q51 V45
GMAT 2: 780 Q50 V47
GMAT 3: 770 Q50 V45
Expert
Expert reply
Schools: NYU Stern (WA)
GMAT 3: 770 Q50 V45
Posts: 1,285
Kudos: 919
 [2]
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages 25 Apr 2022, 12:00
2
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
GraceSCKao
I am curious if we are to read this passage efficiently, which parts should we highlight more? Personally I think that reading the introduction of the oxygen 18 and oxygen 16 in the second paragraph is really time consuming and takes much energy. I wonder whether you would read this introduction for the first read (if you have not met a question that asks details of the part.)
Show more

In this passage, I only read the first and last sentence of each paragraph in my initial read. From that I gathered the following:
    *Milankovitch proposed early last century that orbital variations (of earth around the sun) caused the ice ages
    *This theory WAS considered untestable because our data on the chronology of ice ages wasn't precise enough... Until?
    *Data on the relative amounts of land ice are needed in order to achieve the required precision (see previous bullet)
    *The ratio O18:O16 is correlated with land ice (YAY) so we can use that to get the required precision in order to test the theory from the first bullet
    *The isotope record (the O18:O16 ratio) has two advantages: (1) and (2).
    *These data (from the isotope record) have established a strong connection between orbital variations and ice ages [reminder to myself: correlation doesn't prove causation]
    *Other factors could have potentially affected the climate [so even if orbital variations were a cause of the ice ages, they may have been just one of many causes]
    *[Obviously] just because we don't know about other factors doesn't mean they're not important

GraceSCKao
When an ice age begins, the continental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the amount of water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually return to it.

The complex part for me is that the word "water" has two modifiers--"evaporated from the ocean" and "that will eventually return to it (the ocean)". Without the second modifier, the sentence would carry a totally different meaning that "the amount of evaporated water will reduce," which would imply that more oxygen 16 would stay in the ocean. Unfortunately, I neglected the second modifier at my first read and thus misunderstood the meaning completely.

My question is: when we meet this kind of long-and-two-layer modifiers structure, do we always need to pay attention to the two modifiers at the same time?
Show more
Yes, we always need to pay attention to the two modifiers at the same time. I think the only way to achieve this difficult task is to think deeply about the meaning - which you must have done in order to discover the antecedent of the pronoun "it" in that sentence. In general, as you would have seen me saying in my videos: on RC we must either read very slowly, thoughtfully, and carefully - or not at all. In this case, I wouldn't have read that sentence at all. I would have used only the following sentence to answer question 5:
Quote:
Because heavier isotopes tend to be left behind when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces, the remaining ocean water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 18.
Show more
But, if you do read the complicated sentence with the adjective (continental) and the two essential modifiers, GraceSCKao, then yes, you must read it slowly, carefully, and thoughtfully.
User avatar
GraceSCKao
User avatar
Joined: 02 Jul 2021
Last visit: 18 Dec 2022
Posts: 117
Own Kudos:
55
Given Kudos: 1,244
Location: Taiwan
Schools: Columbia CBS '24 Darden '24 LBS '24 Wharton '24
GMAT 1: 730 Q50 V39
Schools: Columbia CBS '24 Darden '24 LBS '24 Wharton '24
GMAT 1: 730 Q50 V39
Posts: 117
Kudos: 55
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages 26 Apr 2022, 05:32
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
avigutman

In this passage, I only read the first and last sentence of each paragraph in my initial read. From that I gathered the following:
    *Milankovitch proposed early last century that orbital variations (of earth around the sun) caused the ice ages
    *This theory WAS considered untestable because our data on the chronology of ice ages wasn't precise enough... Until?
    *Data on the relative amounts of land ice are needed in order to achieve the required precision (see previous bullet)
    *The ratio O18:O16 is correlated with land ice (YAY) so we can use that to get the required precision in order to test the theory from the first bullet
    *The isotope record (the O18:O16 ratio) has two advantages: (1) and (2).
    *These data (from the isotope record) have established a strong connection between orbital variations and ice ages [reminder to myself: correlation doesn't prove causation]
    *Other factors could have potentially affected the climate [so even if orbital variations were a cause of the ice ages, they may have been just one of many causes]
    *[Obviously] just because we don't know about other factors doesn't mean they're not important

*
Yes, we always need to pay attention to the two modifiers at the same time. I think the only way to achieve this difficult task is to think deeply about the meaning - which you must have done in order to discover the antecedent of the pronoun "it" in that sentence. In general, as you would have seen me saying in my videos: on RC we must either read very slowly, thoughtfully, and carefully - or not at all. In this case, I wouldn't have read that sentence at all. I would have used only the following sentence to answer question 5:

Because heavier isotopes tend to be left behind when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces, the remaining ocean water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 18.

But, if you do read the complicated sentence with the adjective (continental) and the two essential modifiers, GraceSCKao, then yes, you must read it slowly, carefully, and thoughtfully.
Show more


Thank you avigutman so much for your explanations on the approach and the question! :)
I think that your approach is really helpful for people who want to boost efficiency and get the main idea of the passage, but I need more practice to fully adopt the approach--I read much more parts at my first read even though I reminded myself to use this approach.

Meanwhile, could I have a follow-up question on the eighth question? It is not as problematic to me as the fifth question was, and I have no problem with the correct option (B), but I am curious about the incorrect option (E).

Quote:

8. According to the passage, one advantage of studying the isotope record of ocean sediments is that it
(A) corresponds with the record of ice volume taken from rocks on land.
(B) shows little variation in isotope ratios when samples are taken from different continental locations.
(C) corresponds with predictions already made by climatologists and experts in other fields.
(D) confirms the record of ice volume initially established by analyzing variations in volcanic emissions.
(E) provides data that can be used to substantiate records concerning variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth.
Show more


The passage mentions in the third paragraph that the isotope record can act as an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s climate, and mentions in the fourth paragraph that other factors, such as variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth, could potentially have affected the climate.

I feel that even though the option (E), unlike the option(B), is not directly mentioned by the author as one of the advantages, the option (E) is not absolutely wrong either, as we can infer from the passage that since the isotope records indicate the change in global climate and the variation in the amount of sunlight received could have affected the climate, the records might have some relation with the variation in the amount of sunlight.

I wonder what makes the option (E) incorrect, besides the fact the the option (B) is a better option. Is it because the use of word "substantiate" too strong in the option (E)? As we do not know how the change in the amount of sunlight would impact the relative amount of ice (at least it is not addressed in this passage), we cannot say that the records can be used to prove the data concerning the amount of sunlight to be true, can we? (The records might act as supplement to the data, but cannot substantiate it.)


Thank you so much for your time and thoughts! :)
User avatar
avigutman
User avatar
Joined: 17 Jul 2019
Last visit: 27 Jun 2026
Posts: 1,285
Own Kudos:
919
 [1]
Given Kudos: 66
Location: Canada
Schools: NYU Stern (WA)
GMAT 1: 780 Q51 V45
GMAT 2: 780 Q50 V47
GMAT 3: 770 Q50 V45
Expert
Expert reply
Schools: NYU Stern (WA)
GMAT 3: 770 Q50 V45
Posts: 1,285
Kudos: 919
 [1]
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages 26 Apr 2022, 05:47
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
GraceSCKao
I think that your approach is really helpful for people who want to boost efficiency and get the main idea of the passage, but I need more practice to fully adopt the approach--I read much more parts at my first read even though I reminded myself to use this approach.
Show more

Skipping the details is great for efficiency and for the main idea question, but it's even more useful (surprisingly) for the detail questions. Each incorrect answer to a detail question has something in the passage that could cause people to select it (otherwise no-one would ever select it, and the question wouldn't make it past the experimental phase - the test writers would have to replace an incorrect answer that never gets selected with an incorrect answer that does get selected). So, by skipping all the details we inoculate ourselves against the trap answers. Once we get a detail question, we should go hunt for *just* the answer to that question, avoiding all other details in the passage.
GraceSCKao
The passage mentions in the third paragraph that the isotope record can act as an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s climate, and mentions in the fourth paragraph that other factors, such as variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth, could potentially have affected the climate.
we can infer from the passage that since the isotope records indicate the change in global climate and the variation in the amount of sunlight received could have affected the climate, the records might have some relation with the variation in the amount of sunlight.
Show more
Your inference is valid, GraceSCKao, but only thanks to your use of the word "might" (boldfaced in your quote). The leap from "might have some relation with" to "can be used to substantiate records" is extreme. (even with no leap, the answer would be wrong because the question stem said "according to.")
avatar
pranayraj98
avatar
Joined: 04 Oct 2021
Last visit: 03 Jan 2023
Posts: 4
Own Kudos:
1
Given Kudos: 3
Location: India
Posts: 4
Kudos: 1
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages 27 Apr 2022, 12:23
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Why isnt D the answer for 5 when it clearly written that O-18 gets left behind - implying evaporated water doesnt contain O-18 at all. But option B suggests that by saying 'less' O-18 than ocean water.
User avatar
DmitryFarberMPrep
User avatar
Manhattan Prep Instructor
Joined: 22 Mar 2011
Last visit: 31 Aug 2026
Posts: 3,004
Own Kudos:
8,669
Given Kudos: 57
Expert
Expert reply
GMAT Focus 1: 745 Q86 V90 DI85
Posts: 3,004
Kudos: 8,669
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages 29 Apr 2022, 22:10
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
pranayraj98

Careful--neither the passage nor the answer choices are dealing in absolutes or extremes. The passage says that heavier isotopes tend to be left behind when water evaporates. That doesn't mean that the evaporated water has none of the O-18. In any case, whether it had none or just a reduced degree, B would still have to be true. If the concentration of O18 in ocean water were, say, .01%, we'd know that the concentration in ocean water was somewhere less than .01%, and perhaps as low as 0. Either way, that's less.

As for D, it is talking about the molecules that evaporate from water on land. We don't know much about that water, or what its concentration is. Is this just glaciers? Does some O-18 find its way into those from other sources? Could this include lakes, etc.? We just don't know. We don't have the relevant info to prove this choice.
User avatar
Sneha2021
User avatar
Joined: 20 Dec 2020
Last visit: 10 Jun 2025
Posts: 292
Own Kudos:
40
Given Kudos: 489
Location: India
Posts: 292
Kudos: 40
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages 21 Aug 2022, 01:49
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
KarishmaB

2. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the Milankovitch theory?
Why B is incorrect?
(B) It is too limited to provide a plausible explanation for the ice ages, despite recent research findings.

If we look at the last para, the author has shown limitation in theory as we have not considered other factors. So if we look at the purpose of last para, it shows limitation to Milankovitch theory despite recent findings about the new method.
User avatar
KarishmaB
User avatar
Joined: 16 Oct 2010
Last visit: 05 Sep 2026
Posts: 16,645
Own Kudos:
81,192
Given Kudos: 491
Location: Pune, India
Expert
Expert reply
Active GMAT Club Expert! Tag them with @ followed by their username for a faster response.
Posts: 16,645
Kudos: 81,192
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages 21 Aug 2022, 22:57
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Sneha2021
KarishmaB

2. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the Milankovitch theory?
Why B is incorrect?
(B) It is too limited to provide a plausible explanation for the ice ages, despite recent research findings.

If we look at the last para, the author has shown limitation in theory as we have not considered other factors. So if we look at the purpose of last para, it shows limitation to Milankovitch theory despite recent findings about the new method.
Show more


2. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the Milankovitch theory?
(A) It is the only possible explanation for the ice ages.
(B) It is too limited to provide a plausible explanation for the ice ages, despite recent research findings.
(C) It cannot be tested and confirmed until further research on volcanic activity is done.
(D) It is one plausible explanation, though not the only one, for the ice ages.
(E) It is not a plausible explanation for the ice ages, although it has opened up promising possibilities for future research.

Notice that the first three paragraphs as used to show that Milankovitch's theory explains the ice ages. The third paragraph ends with:
These data have established a strong connection between variations in the Earth’s orbit and the periodicity of the ice ages.
So the author shows that his theory is a plausible explanation.

The last paragraph is cautionary - that other factors could have influenced as well. So there could be other theories that could work too. This doesn't mean that Milankovitch's theory is limited and does not explain ice ages. It does but other factors could have played a role too.
User avatar
agrasan
User avatar
Joined: 18 Jan 2024
Last visit: 17 Aug 2026
Posts: 689
Own Kudos:
193
Given Kudos: 6,706
Location: India
Posts: 689
Kudos: 193
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages 19 May 2025, 23:00
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Hi KarishmaB GMATNinja DmitryFarber GMATNinjaTwo

In question-1, not entirely clear why option C is wrong and D is correct?

(C) emphasizing the instability of data gathered from the application of a new scientific method.

(D) presenting a theory and describing a new method to test that theory.

If we read the passage, the author presented Milankovitch's theory which was untestable for quite some time but it can be tested due to a recent discovery (isotope method), then the author described the method and its advantages, and finally, says that there can be other important variables apart from earth's rotation. In a nutshell, the author wanted to describe the method and point out the limitations at the end, that's why he wrote the passage.

Keeping above in mind, doesn't option C describes the primary purpose? Is it wrong because "instability of data" is a bit vague here?

I know that OA is option D but doesn't it miss the last paragraph of the passage?

Can we say that D is not perfect but it is the best among all?


Please let me know what exactly did I miss here as I usually find primary purpose questions a bit tricky.
User avatar
DmitryFarberMPrep
User avatar
Manhattan Prep Instructor
Joined: 22 Mar 2011
Last visit: 31 Aug 2026
Posts: 3,004
Own Kudos:
8,669
 [2]
Given Kudos: 57
Expert
Expert reply
GMAT Focus 1: 745 Q86 V90 DI85
Posts: 3,004
Kudos: 8,669
 [2]
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages 24 May 2025, 21:32
2
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
I don't see the appeal of C. First, it's very narrow. Even if I didn't know what "emphasizing the instability" meant, I'd determine that the passage is doing more than just telling us about the data that was collected. In fact, the actual data was barely mentioned. Additionally, that first part makes it completely wrong. "Instability of data" isn't vague; it's a very specific thing to assert--that the data collected from the isotope method is unstable. There's no mention of this! (And of course, if D leaves off a few things, C leaves off all that and more.)

As for D, it's true that it doesn't get to the cautionary part at the end, but keep in mind that this is not a structure question. We're just asked for the primary purpose. The main point here is that there is a theory that we couldn't test for a long time, but that we can now test (and support) the theory with this new method. D covers that perfectly. So it's not just the best--the right answer should be more than that! It's the only answer that accurately answers the question.
agrasan
Hi KarishmaB GMATNinja DmitryFarber GMATNinjaTwo

In question-1, not entirely clear why option C is wrong and D is correct?

(C) emphasizing the instability of data gathered from the application of a new scientific method.

(D) presenting a theory and describing a new method to test that theory.

If we read the passage, the author presented Milankovitch's theory which was untestable for quite some time but it can be tested due to a recent discovery (isotope method), then the author described the method and its advantages, and finally, says that there can be other important variables apart from earth's rotation. In a nutshell, the author wanted to describe the method and point out the limitations at the end, that's why he wrote the passage.

Keeping above in mind, doesn't option C describes the primary purpose? Is it wrong because "instability of data" is a bit vague here?

I know that OA is option D but doesn't it miss the last paragraph of the passage?

Can we say that D is not perfect but it is the best among all?


Please let me know what exactly did I miss here as I usually find primary purpose questions a bit tricky.
Show more
User avatar
YotamG1
User avatar
Joined: 28 May 2025
Last visit: 30 Jul 2025
Posts: 2
Given Kudos: 8
Posts: 2
Kudos: 0
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages 29 Jun 2025, 05:20
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Why not D in Q7 ("It can be inferred from the passage that calcium carbonate shells")?
User avatar
DmitryFarberMPrep
User avatar
Manhattan Prep Instructor
Joined: 22 Mar 2011
Last visit: 31 Aug 2026
Posts: 3,004
Own Kudos:
8,669
 [1]
Given Kudos: 57
Expert
Expert reply
GMAT Focus 1: 745 Q86 V90 DI85
Posts: 3,004
Kudos: 8,669
 [1]
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages 04 Jul 2025, 00:22
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
There's no indication that any of the isotopes in question are radioactive. There's a mention of radiometric dating, but the passage doesn't explain how this is done or what part of the sediment is used for this purpose. We can't be expected to know anything about what radioactive elements may be involved, but for what it's worth, oxygen 16 and oxygen 18 are both stable.
YotamG1
Why not D in Q7 ("It can be inferred from the passage that calcium carbonate shells")?
Show more
User avatar
VerbalBot
User avatar
Non-Human User
Joined: 01 Oct 2013
Last visit: 04 Jan 2021
Posts: 19,646
Own Kudos:
1,037
Posts: 19,646
Kudos: 1,037
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages 05 Jul 2026, 10:59
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Automated notice from GMAT Club VerbalBot:

A member just gave Kudos to this thread, showing it’s still useful. I’ve bumped it to the top so more people can benefit. Feel free to add your own questions or solutions.

This post was generated automatically.
   1   2 
Moderators:
GMATNinja
GMAT Club Verbal Expert
7399 posts
BhardwajS
Verbal Forum Moderator
46 posts