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26 Apr 2018, 06:50
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Modern methods of predicting earthquakes recognize that quakes, far from
being geologic anomalies, are part of the periodic accumulation and
discharge of seismic energy. As continents receive the horizontal thrust of
seafloor plates, crustal strains develop. Accumulation of strain can take
anywhere from 100 years in certain coastal locations to over a millennium in
some inland regions before a critical point is reached and a rupture occurs. In
both areas, the buildup of strain is accompanied by long- and short-range
precursory phenomena that are crucial to earthquake prediction.
Quakes along active faults—like those along the Pacific coasts—are usually
frequent; scientists designate such areas as quake-prone. However, when the
time interval between quakes is great, as in inland regions, locating active
faults is only a beginning. Geological scars of past subsidence, cracks, and
offsets are useful in determining potential quake locations, as are seismicity
gaps, areas where no small quakes have been recorded. Seismologists may
also consult the historical record. Primary sources range from eyewitness
accounts of ancient quakes to recent official documentation of quake-related
damage.
Once the perimeters of a quake-prone zone are established, a network of
base stations can monitor precursory phenomena. Stations must extend over
a wide area yet be placed at measured intervals to obtain precise readings.
Changes in geochemical readings (electric currents, radon concentrations)
and in groundwater levels, as well as the occurrence of microearthquakes,
are valuable precursors. Crustal movements—tilting, rising, and expansion or
contraction of the ground’s surface—can be read through triangulation and
leveling surveys taken over the course of decades. Theoretically, if an area’s
critical strain—the magnitude of strain necessary to produce a rupture—is
known, subtracting the measured accumulated crustal strain from the critical
strain will indicate a time frame for an impending quake.
Violent tilting and foreshocks are among phenomena classified as short-term
precursors. Many are still being identified as new quakes occur. Such
precursors are valuable since their appearance can permit prediction of a
quake to within hours of the primary rupture. Here, too, historical documents
are useful. Seismologists recognized the liquefaction of sand as a precursor
after a 1964 quake in Japan.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A) clarify the way in which earthquakes develop in inland locations.
B) show that earthquakes are a result of the normal accumulation and discharge
of seismic energy.
C) discuss the accumulation of crustal strain in coastal regions.
D) argue that precursory phenomena should be disregarded in attempts at
quake prediction.
E) describe methods of earthquake prediction and explain the importance of
precursory phenomena.
being geologic anomalies, are part of the periodic accumulation and
discharge of seismic energy. As continents receive the horizontal thrust of
seafloor plates, crustal strains develop. Accumulation of strain can take
anywhere from 100 years in certain coastal locations to over a millennium in
some inland regions before a critical point is reached and a rupture occurs. In
both areas, the buildup of strain is accompanied by long- and short-range
precursory phenomena that are crucial to earthquake prediction.
Quakes along active faults—like those along the Pacific coasts—are usually
frequent; scientists designate such areas as quake-prone. However, when the
time interval between quakes is great, as in inland regions, locating active
faults is only a beginning. Geological scars of past subsidence, cracks, and
offsets are useful in determining potential quake locations, as are seismicity
gaps, areas where no small quakes have been recorded. Seismologists may
also consult the historical record. Primary sources range from eyewitness
accounts of ancient quakes to recent official documentation of quake-related
damage.
Once the perimeters of a quake-prone zone are established, a network of
base stations can monitor precursory phenomena. Stations must extend over
a wide area yet be placed at measured intervals to obtain precise readings.
Changes in geochemical readings (electric currents, radon concentrations)
and in groundwater levels, as well as the occurrence of microearthquakes,
are valuable precursors. Crustal movements—tilting, rising, and expansion or
contraction of the ground’s surface—can be read through triangulation and
leveling surveys taken over the course of decades. Theoretically, if an area’s
critical strain—the magnitude of strain necessary to produce a rupture—is
known, subtracting the measured accumulated crustal strain from the critical
strain will indicate a time frame for an impending quake.
Violent tilting and foreshocks are among phenomena classified as short-term
precursors. Many are still being identified as new quakes occur. Such
precursors are valuable since their appearance can permit prediction of a
quake to within hours of the primary rupture. Here, too, historical documents
are useful. Seismologists recognized the liquefaction of sand as a precursor
after a 1964 quake in Japan.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A) clarify the way in which earthquakes develop in inland locations.
B) show that earthquakes are a result of the normal accumulation and discharge
of seismic energy.
C) discuss the accumulation of crustal strain in coastal regions.
D) argue that precursory phenomena should be disregarded in attempts at
quake prediction.
E) describe methods of earthquake prediction and explain the importance of
precursory phenomena.
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26 Apr 2018, 07:22
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you messed up the formatting of the questions, please fix...
srinjoy1990
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26 Apr 2018, 08:37
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E.
Topic Sentence of main paragraph - "Modern methods of predicting earthquakes recognize that quakes, far from
being geologic anomalies, are part of the periodic accumulation and
discharge of seismic energy". Then illustration follows....
precursory phenomena is a new idea discussed only in the 2nd para.
Tone : neutral.
POE :
A) clarify the way in which earthquakes develop in inland locations. - Incorrect tone
B) show that earthquakes are a result of the normal accumulation and discharge
of seismic energy. - too narrow scope.
C) discuss the accumulation of crustal strain in coastal regions. -- too narrow.
D) argue that precursory phenomena should be disregarded in attempts at
quake prediction. -- wrong tone
E) describe methods of earthquake prediction and explain the importance of
precursory phenomena -- correct.
Topic Sentence of main paragraph - "Modern methods of predicting earthquakes recognize that quakes, far from
being geologic anomalies, are part of the periodic accumulation and
discharge of seismic energy". Then illustration follows....
precursory phenomena is a new idea discussed only in the 2nd para.
Tone : neutral.
POE :
A) clarify the way in which earthquakes develop in inland locations. - Incorrect tone
B) show that earthquakes are a result of the normal accumulation and discharge
of seismic energy. - too narrow scope.
C) discuss the accumulation of crustal strain in coastal regions. -- too narrow.
D) argue that precursory phenomena should be disregarded in attempts at
quake prediction. -- wrong tone
E) describe methods of earthquake prediction and explain the importance of
precursory phenomena -- correct.
