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Question 1
A
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
55%
(hard)
Question Stats:
54% (02:23) correct
46%
(02:48) wrong
based on 132
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
35%
(medium)
Question Stats:
60% (00:59) correct 40%
(01:03) wrong
based on 139
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
89% (00:43) correct 11%
(00:31) wrong
based on 132
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
A
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
45%
(medium)
Question Stats:
53% (00:54) correct 47%
(01:00) wrong
based on 136
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 5
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
Question Stats:
69% (00:57) correct 31%
(01:18) wrong
based on 131
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 6
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
85%
(hard)
Question Stats:
38% (01:18) correct 62%
(01:13) wrong
based on 119
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Natural hazards are the price we pay for living on an active planet. The tectonic plate subduction producing Japan’s rugged Tohoku coast gives rise to earthquakes and tsunamis. Florida’s warm sunny weather results from the processes in the ocean and atmosphere that cause hurricanes. The volcanoes that produced Hawaii’s spectacular islands sometimes threaten people. Rivers that provide the water for the farms that feed us sometimes flood.
Humans have to live with natural hazards. We describe this challenge in terms of hazards, the natural occurrence of earthquakes orother phenomena, and the risks, or dangers they pose to lives and property. In this formulation, the risk is the product of hazard and vulnerability. We want to assess the hazards — estimate how significant they are — and develop methods to mitigate or reduce the resulting losses.
Hazards are geological facts that are not under human control. All we can do is try to assess them as best we can. In contrast, risks are affected by human actions that increase or decrease vulnerability, such as where people live and how they build. We increase vulnerability by building in hazardous areas, and decrease it by making buildings more hazard resistant. Areas with high hazard can have low risk because few people live there. Areas of modest hazard can have high risk due to large population and poor construction. A disaster occurs when — owing to high vulnerability — a natural event has major consequences for society.
The harm from natural disasters is enormous. On average, about 100,000 people per year are killed by natural disasters, with some disasters — such as the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami — causing many more deaths. Although the actual numbers of deaths in many events, such as the 2010 Haiti earthquake, are poorly known, they are very large.
Economic impacts are even harder to quantify, and various measures are used to try to do so. Disasters cause losses, which are the total negative economic impact. These include direct losses due to destruction of physical assets such as buildings, farmland, forests, etc., and indirect losses that result from the direct losses. Because losses are hard to determine, what is reported is often the cost, which refers to payouts by insurers (called insured losses) or governments to reimburse some of the losses. Thus, the reported cost does not reflect the losses to people who do not receive such payments.
Humans have to live with natural hazards. We describe this challenge in terms of hazards, the natural occurrence of earthquakes orother phenomena, and the risks, or dangers they pose to lives and property. In this formulation, the risk is the product of hazard and vulnerability. We want to assess the hazards — estimate how significant they are — and develop methods to mitigate or reduce the resulting losses.
Hazards are geological facts that are not under human control. All we can do is try to assess them as best we can. In contrast, risks are affected by human actions that increase or decrease vulnerability, such as where people live and how they build. We increase vulnerability by building in hazardous areas, and decrease it by making buildings more hazard resistant. Areas with high hazard can have low risk because few people live there. Areas of modest hazard can have high risk due to large population and poor construction. A disaster occurs when — owing to high vulnerability — a natural event has major consequences for society.
The harm from natural disasters is enormous. On average, about 100,000 people per year are killed by natural disasters, with some disasters — such as the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami — causing many more deaths. Although the actual numbers of deaths in many events, such as the 2010 Haiti earthquake, are poorly known, they are very large.
Economic impacts are even harder to quantify, and various measures are used to try to do so. Disasters cause losses, which are the total negative economic impact. These include direct losses due to destruction of physical assets such as buildings, farmland, forests, etc., and indirect losses that result from the direct losses. Because losses are hard to determine, what is reported is often the cost, which refers to payouts by insurers (called insured losses) or governments to reimburse some of the losses. Thus, the reported cost does not reflect the losses to people who do not receive such payments.
1. The main idea of the first paragraph is best expressed as
(A) The factors that make an area desirable are also those that can pose the most risk.
(B) The Hawaiian Islands would not exist if not for powerful and explosive volcanoes.
(C) Floods, volcanoes, and earthquakes pose threats to the natural environment.
(D) Humans must learn to live with natural hazards such as volcanoes and tsunamis.
(E) Natural hazards are most prevalent in areas that are sunny and warm.
(A) The factors that make an area desirable are also those that can pose the most risk.
(B) The Hawaiian Islands would not exist if not for powerful and explosive volcanoes.
(C) Floods, volcanoes, and earthquakes pose threats to the natural environment.
(D) Humans must learn to live with natural hazards such as volcanoes and tsunamis.
(E) Natural hazards are most prevalent in areas that are sunny and warm.
2. Which of the following might the author of the passage consider an “indirect loss” associated with a disaster?
(A) Desecration of a library due to vandalism
(B) Damage to a school building in a fire
(C) Loss of retail clothing sales due to a mall flood
(D) Death of a ranch’s livestock due to a volcanic eruption
(E) Destruction of a pavilion due to a hurricane
(A) Desecration of a library due to vandalism
(B) Damage to a school building in a fire
(C) Loss of retail clothing sales due to a mall flood
(D) Death of a ranch’s livestock due to a volcanic eruption
(E) Destruction of a pavilion due to a hurricane
3. According to the passage, an important distinction between hazards and risks is
(A) risks occur naturally, while hazards arise because of human actions
(B) hazards result from risks, and risks result from vulnerability
(C) hazards can lead to disasters, while risks cannot
(D) hazards are not under human control, while risks usually are
(E) risks are harder to quantify than hazards
(A) risks occur naturally, while hazards arise because of human actions
(B) hazards result from risks, and risks result from vulnerability
(C) hazards can lead to disasters, while risks cannot
(D) hazards are not under human control, while risks usually are
(E) risks are harder to quantify than hazards
4. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) describing the causes and impacts of natural disasters
(B) assessing the impact that disasters render on the global economy
(C) depicting the various ways human beings may endanger themselves(D) raising awareness of the loss of human lives due to the severity and unpredictability of natural disasters
(E) explaining that natural disasters are not under human control
(A) describing the causes and impacts of natural disasters
(B) assessing the impact that disasters render on the global economy
(C) depicting the various ways human beings may endanger themselves(D) raising awareness of the loss of human lives due to the severity and unpredictability of natural disasters
(E) explaining that natural disasters are not under human control
5. Which of the following best describes the purpose of the fourth paragraph in relation to the passage as a whole?
(A) It uses numerical data and metrics to describe the economic impacts of natural disasters.
(B) It emphasizes how little is actually known about how many lives are lost in natural disasters.
(C) It outlines the differences between hazards and risks to set up information detailed in the remainder of the passage.
(D) It provides sensory details about specific recent natural disasters that may be familiar to readers to evoke an emotional response.
(E) It applies statistical data to emphasize the magnitude of damage created by natural disasters.
(A) It uses numerical data and metrics to describe the economic impacts of natural disasters.
(B) It emphasizes how little is actually known about how many lives are lost in natural disasters.
(C) It outlines the differences between hazards and risks to set up information detailed in the remainder of the passage.
(D) It provides sensory details about specific recent natural disasters that may be familiar to readers to evoke an emotional response.
(E) It applies statistical data to emphasize the magnitude of damage created by natural disasters.
6. Which of the following logically follows the information given in the passage?
(A) The number of unreported deaths in the 2010 Haitian earthquake exceeded the number of unreported deaths in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
(B) In the years 2010 and 2004, there were more deaths than average due to natural disasters.
(C) The number of deaths due to natural disasters along Japan’s tectonic plate is greater on average than those experienced on islands such as Hawaii or Haiti.
(D) Economic costs are more frequently unreported than numbers of deaths in any given natural disaster.
(E) Areas of high hazard, such as Japan’s Tohoku coast, may have a lower risk of natural disaster costs than areas where hazard incidents are lower.
(A) The number of unreported deaths in the 2010 Haitian earthquake exceeded the number of unreported deaths in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
(B) In the years 2010 and 2004, there were more deaths than average due to natural disasters.
(C) The number of deaths due to natural disasters along Japan’s tectonic plate is greater on average than those experienced on islands such as Hawaii or Haiti.
(D) Economic costs are more frequently unreported than numbers of deaths in any given natural disaster.
(E) Areas of high hazard, such as Japan’s Tohoku coast, may have a lower risk of natural disaster costs than areas where hazard incidents are lower.
18 May 2022, 07:05
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Official Explanation
6. Which of the following logically follows the information given in the passage?
The third paragraph clarifies that the highest cost risk isn’t always associated with the greatest hazard. Places with less hazard risk may experience greater costs because the hazard affects more people or the area is less prepared to withstand damage. Therefore, Choice (E) is correct.
The passage doesn’t provide clear data regarding the number of reported and unreported deaths in the tsunami and earthquake disaster, so you can’t definitively compare number of deaths in Choice (A).
The passage says that the tsunami in 2004 caused many more deaths than average, but it doesn’t say the same for the 2010 Haiti disaster, so Choice (B) is wrong.
Because you don’t have actual data for deaths due to natural disaster in Japan, Hawaii, and Haiti, you also can’t pick Choice (C).
The passage suggests that both economic costs and death totals are unreported for natural disasters, but it doesn’t compare the two, so you can’t justify Choice (D).
Answer: E
The third paragraph clarifies that the highest cost risk isn’t always associated with the greatest hazard. Places with less hazard risk may experience greater costs because the hazard affects more people or the area is less prepared to withstand damage. Therefore, Choice (E) is correct.
The passage doesn’t provide clear data regarding the number of reported and unreported deaths in the tsunami and earthquake disaster, so you can’t definitively compare number of deaths in Choice (A).
The passage says that the tsunami in 2004 caused many more deaths than average, but it doesn’t say the same for the 2010 Haiti disaster, so Choice (B) is wrong.
Because you don’t have actual data for deaths due to natural disaster in Japan, Hawaii, and Haiti, you also can’t pick Choice (C).
The passage suggests that both economic costs and death totals are unreported for natural disasters, but it doesn’t compare the two, so you can’t justify Choice (D).
Answer: E
12 Jul 2022, 23:14
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Official Explanation
1. The main idea of the first paragraph is best expressed as
Explanation
The substantiating details in the paragraph describe situations where those factors that create desirable areas such as the Toboku coast, Florida, Hawaii, and productive farmlands are the same factors that create great destruction, so Choice (A) is the best answer.
Choice (B) is too specifc.
Choice (C) mentions the destructive forces in the paragraph but not the concomitant desirability of the environments they also cause.
Choice (D) requires too much speculation. The paragraph states that humans pay a price for living on Earth, but it doesn’t state the requirement that they learn to live with the risks. The paragraph is less about humans and more about the kinds of natural risks on Earth.
Choice (E) doesn’t address all of the risks provided in the paragraph and is therefore too specifc to be its main idea.
Answer: A
Explanation
The substantiating details in the paragraph describe situations where those factors that create desirable areas such as the Toboku coast, Florida, Hawaii, and productive farmlands are the same factors that create great destruction, so Choice (A) is the best answer.
Choice (B) is too specifc.
Choice (C) mentions the destructive forces in the paragraph but not the concomitant desirability of the environments they also cause.
Choice (D) requires too much speculation. The paragraph states that humans pay a price for living on Earth, but it doesn’t state the requirement that they learn to live with the risks. The paragraph is less about humans and more about the kinds of natural risks on Earth.
Choice (E) doesn’t address all of the risks provided in the paragraph and is therefore too specifc to be its main idea.
Answer: A
