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Nutritionist: Some scientists suggest that the high
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12 Mar 2024, 12:48
12 Mar 2024, 12:48
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68% (02:39) correct
32%
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wrong
based on 139
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Nutritionist: Some scientists suggest that the high incidence of diabetes and certain other chronic health conditions in highly industrialized societies, as compared with some non-industrialized societies, results from the high-fat, high-calorie eating patterns of the former. However, studies show that humans today can healthily meet their nutritional needs by using any of a wide variety of nutritional strategies. Thus, these health problems in the industrial world probably are not caused by the deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern.
Which of the following would, if found by researchers to be true, most strengthen the nutritionist’s argument?
A. Diabetes is increasing in all highly industrialized societies in which the percentage of fat-derived calories in the typical diet is also increasing.
B. Present-day societies that get most of their calories from low-fat foods derived from plants have a very low incidence of diabetes.
C. Present-day hunter-gatherer societies that consume on average more fat and calories than do people in highly industrialized societies have a very low incidence of the health conditions in question.
D. Certain groups of people in North America who derive a smaller proportion of their total calories from fat than do typical people in other highly Industrialized societies have, on average, a low incidence of chronic health conditions.
E. The chemical composition of Paleolithic human bones shows that the ratios among types of foods in these early humans’ diets were similar to the ratios found in modern nonindustrial societies.
Which of the following would, if found by researchers to be true, most strengthen the nutritionist’s argument?
A. Diabetes is increasing in all highly industrialized societies in which the percentage of fat-derived calories in the typical diet is also increasing.
B. Present-day societies that get most of their calories from low-fat foods derived from plants have a very low incidence of diabetes.
C. Present-day hunter-gatherer societies that consume on average more fat and calories than do people in highly industrialized societies have a very low incidence of the health conditions in question.
D. Certain groups of people in North America who derive a smaller proportion of their total calories from fat than do typical people in other highly Industrialized societies have, on average, a low incidence of chronic health conditions.
E. The chemical composition of Paleolithic human bones shows that the ratios among types of foods in these early humans’ diets were similar to the ratios found in modern nonindustrial societies.
Nutritionist: Some scientists suggest that the high
[#permalink]
06 Aug 2024, 20:12
06 Aug 2024, 20:12
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Expert Reply
To solve this question, let us deploy IMS's four-step technique.
STEP #1 -> IDENTIFY THE QUESTION TYPE
Let us read the question stem to identify the question type.
STEP #2 -> X-RAY THE ARGUMENT
In a strengthening question, it is a must to x-ray the argument and deconstruct it. Let us therefore read the argument first and note the conclusion and the premise soon after.
PREMISE: Studies show that humans today can healthily meet their nutritional needs by using any of a wide variety of nutritional strategies.
STEP #3 -> FRAME A SHADOW ANSWER
To frame a shadow answer, we must know what the correct answer should do. In this question, the correct answer should be an extra premise that validates the conclusion that in the industrial world, health problems such as diabetes are probably not caused by the deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern.
SHADOW ANSWER: Any situation that, acting as an extra premise for the conclusion, leads us to believe that health problems such as diabetes are probably not caused by the deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern in the industrial world.
STEP #4 -> ELIMINATE INCORRECT OPTIONS
Options that do not match the shadow answer can be eliminated.
A. Diabetes is increasing in all highly industrialized societies in which the percentage of fat-derived calories in the typical diet is also increasing. | NOT A MATCH | If diabetes is actually increasing in all highly industrialized societies in which the percentage of fat-derived calories in the typical diet is also increasing, we have a reason to believe that deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern is more likely than not the cause of the health problem. But we are looking for a situation that justifies the conclusion that health problems such as diabetes are likely not caused by the deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern in the industrial world. | ELIMINATE
B. Present-day societies that get most of their calories from low-fat foods derived from plants have a very low incidence of diabetes. | NOT A MATCH | If present-day societies that get most of their calories from low-fat foods derived from plants have a very low incidence of diabetes, we have a reason to believe that consuming such low-fat foods is likely the reason for the very low incidence of diabetes. But what if they deviated from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern, consuming foods high is fats and calories? Remember, we need an answer that supports the author's conclusion, and the author's conclusion discusses deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern. Nothing about what low-fat foods do will tell us what deviations from them could lead to. | ELIMINATE
C. Present-day hunter-gatherer societies that consume on average more fat and calories than do people in highly industrialized societies have a very low incidence of the health conditions in question. | MATCHES THE SHADOW ANSWER | First and foremost, by discussing present-day hunter-gatherer societies, this option complements the premise that discusses humans today. Second, this option tells us what is experienced by the societies that consume more fat and calories than do people in highly industrialized societies. So far, so good. Now, if such societies that consume more fat and calories than do people in highly industrialized societies have a very low incidence of the health conditions in question, it gives us a pretty good reason to believe that deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern do not likely cause the health issues. This is exactly what we were looking for in the correct answer. We can now tell ourselves convincingly that there must be something else going on in the industrial world that results in the conditions spoken of. The nutritionist's argument is strengthened. | KEEP
D. Certain groups of people in North America who derive a smaller proportion of their total calories from fat than do typical people in other highly industrialized societies have, on average, a low incidence of chronic health conditions. | NOT A MATCH | This option makes a comparison between certain groups of people in North America who derive a smaller proportion of their total calories from fat and typical people in other highly industrialized societies, informing us that the former on average have a lower incidence of chronic health conditions. Again, this option tells us nothing about what the scenario would be if deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern were witnessed. And since the option does not give us what we are looking for in order to strengthen the nutritionist's argument, we can eliminate it. | ELIMINATE
E. The chemical composition of Paleolithic human bones shows that the ratios among types of foods in these early humans’ diets were similar to the ratios found in modern nonindustrial societies. | NOT A MATCH | If the ratios among types of foods in these early humans’ diets were actually similar to the ratios found in modern nonindustrial societies, do we have a reason to believe that health problems such as diabetes are likely not caused by the deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern in the industrial world? Of course, not! This option reeks of irrelevance and therefore can be safely eliminated. | ELIMINATE
Clearly, (C) is the correct answer.
STEP #1 -> IDENTIFY THE QUESTION TYPE
Let us read the question stem to identify the question type.
Quote:
Which of the following would, if found by researchers to be true, most strengthen the nutritionist’s argument?
The stem indicates a strengthening question. STEP #2 -> X-RAY THE ARGUMENT
In a strengthening question, it is a must to x-ray the argument and deconstruct it. Let us therefore read the argument first and note the conclusion and the premise soon after.
Quote:
Nutritionist: Some scientists suggest that the high incidence of diabetes and certain other chronic health conditions in highly industrialized societies, as compared with some non-industrialized societies, results from the high-fat, high-calorie eating patterns of the former. However, studies show that humans today can healthily meet their nutritional needs by using any of a wide variety of nutritional strategies. Thus, these health problems in the industrial world probably are not caused by the deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern.
CONCLUSION: Diabetes and certain other chronic health conditions in the industrial world probably are not caused by the deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern.PREMISE: Studies show that humans today can healthily meet their nutritional needs by using any of a wide variety of nutritional strategies.
STEP #3 -> FRAME A SHADOW ANSWER
To frame a shadow answer, we must know what the correct answer should do. In this question, the correct answer should be an extra premise that validates the conclusion that in the industrial world, health problems such as diabetes are probably not caused by the deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern.
SHADOW ANSWER: Any situation that, acting as an extra premise for the conclusion, leads us to believe that health problems such as diabetes are probably not caused by the deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern in the industrial world.
STEP #4 -> ELIMINATE INCORRECT OPTIONS
Options that do not match the shadow answer can be eliminated.
A. Diabetes is increasing in all highly industrialized societies in which the percentage of fat-derived calories in the typical diet is also increasing. | NOT A MATCH | If diabetes is actually increasing in all highly industrialized societies in which the percentage of fat-derived calories in the typical diet is also increasing, we have a reason to believe that deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern is more likely than not the cause of the health problem. But we are looking for a situation that justifies the conclusion that health problems such as diabetes are likely not caused by the deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern in the industrial world. | ELIMINATE
B. Present-day societies that get most of their calories from low-fat foods derived from plants have a very low incidence of diabetes. | NOT A MATCH | If present-day societies that get most of their calories from low-fat foods derived from plants have a very low incidence of diabetes, we have a reason to believe that consuming such low-fat foods is likely the reason for the very low incidence of diabetes. But what if they deviated from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern, consuming foods high is fats and calories? Remember, we need an answer that supports the author's conclusion, and the author's conclusion discusses deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern. Nothing about what low-fat foods do will tell us what deviations from them could lead to. | ELIMINATE
C. Present-day hunter-gatherer societies that consume on average more fat and calories than do people in highly industrialized societies have a very low incidence of the health conditions in question. | MATCHES THE SHADOW ANSWER | First and foremost, by discussing present-day hunter-gatherer societies, this option complements the premise that discusses humans today. Second, this option tells us what is experienced by the societies that consume more fat and calories than do people in highly industrialized societies. So far, so good. Now, if such societies that consume more fat and calories than do people in highly industrialized societies have a very low incidence of the health conditions in question, it gives us a pretty good reason to believe that deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern do not likely cause the health issues. This is exactly what we were looking for in the correct answer. We can now tell ourselves convincingly that there must be something else going on in the industrial world that results in the conditions spoken of. The nutritionist's argument is strengthened. | KEEP
D. Certain groups of people in North America who derive a smaller proportion of their total calories from fat than do typical people in other highly industrialized societies have, on average, a low incidence of chronic health conditions. | NOT A MATCH | This option makes a comparison between certain groups of people in North America who derive a smaller proportion of their total calories from fat and typical people in other highly industrialized societies, informing us that the former on average have a lower incidence of chronic health conditions. Again, this option tells us nothing about what the scenario would be if deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern were witnessed. And since the option does not give us what we are looking for in order to strengthen the nutritionist's argument, we can eliminate it. | ELIMINATE
E. The chemical composition of Paleolithic human bones shows that the ratios among types of foods in these early humans’ diets were similar to the ratios found in modern nonindustrial societies. | NOT A MATCH | If the ratios among types of foods in these early humans’ diets were actually similar to the ratios found in modern nonindustrial societies, do we have a reason to believe that health problems such as diabetes are likely not caused by the deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern in the industrial world? Of course, not! This option reeks of irrelevance and therefore can be safely eliminated. | ELIMINATE
Clearly, (C) is the correct answer.
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Nutritionist: Some scientists suggest that the high [#permalink]
06 Aug 2024, 20:12
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