Rail transit modalities, such as light rail or heavy rail, are more effective at moving large volumes of commuters at rush hour than are road based modalities, such as taxis and buses.
There are two things that we need to consider to solve this question :
1) Comparison of same items
2) Use of like and such as -> Such as is used for example while like is mostly used to create a comparison.
(A) Rail transit modalities, such as light rail or heavy rail, are more effective at moving large volumes of commuters at rush hour than are road based modalities, such as taxis and buses.-> Correct
(B) Light rail or heavy rail transit modalities, are more effective at moving large volumes of commuters at rush hour than are road-based modalities, like taxis and buses. -->
like is used so discarded. Also, Light rail or heavy rail is compared with Road based modalities awkward compare, it should Rail Transit modalities vs road based modalities.
(C) Rail transit modalities, such as light rail or heavy rail, are more effective at moving large volumes of commuters at rush hour than are taxi and bus road-based modalities. ->
Rail transit modalities is compared with taxi and bus awkward compare, it should Rail Transit modalities vs Road based modalities. (D) Rail transit modalities, such as light rail or heavy rail, unlike road-based modalities, like taxis and buses are more effective at moving large volumes of commuters at rush hour. ->
Like is used so discarded. Also use of unlike makes the sentence not meaningful.
(E) Light rail or heavy rail transit modalities, are more effective at moving large volumes of commuters at rush hour than are taxis and buses, road-based modalities. ->
Light or heavy Rail transit modalities is compared with taxi and bus awkward compare, it should Rail Transit modalities vs Road based modalities.