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As you see, (B) uses "was", while (C) does not.

Is it correct to use "was" in such structure as (B) does?

Thank you very much beforehand!

The OA seems to convey the following comparison:
Scientists have therefore concluded that the planet's crust harbors up to three times as much water as [scientists] previously thought [that the planet's crust harbors water].
The words in brackets are omitted but implied.
In B, the usage of was seems unwarranted.
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Scientists have found signs that moving water changed the chemical makeup of the surface of Mars in recent eras, therefore concluding that its crust is harboring up to three times as much water than was previously thought.

(A) eras, therefore concluding that its crust is harboring up to three times as much water than was "have found" and "concluding" are not parallel. Eliminate.

(B) eras, therefore concluding that the planet's crust harbors up to three times as much water or more as was Same error as (A). Also, "up to three times" and "or more" are contradictory, which confuses the intended meaning (did it contain upto 3x water, or more?). Eliminate.

(C) eras and have therefore concluded that the planet's crust harbors up to three times as much water as Correct answer. Parallelism error is corrected and no new errors are introduced.

(D) eras and they have concluded, therefore, that its crust harbors up to three times as much water, or more, than "up to three times" and "or more" are contradictory, which confuses the intended meaning (did it contain upto 3x water, or more?). Eliminate.

(E) eras and concluded, therefore, that the planet's crust is harboring up to three times more water as was "have found" (present perfect) is not parallel with "concluded" (simple past). Eliminate.

Hope this helps.
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one more thing I want to add.
If we use "up to", a point of time is used, so, we can not say "as much" and "more than" after "up to". if we say "as much" and "more than", two points of time is use. this is meaningless.
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Hi GMATGuruNY - in A and B

q1) Isn't "Therefore" and "concluding", redundant ? I dont see the point of Therefore given "concluding" is a RESULT of the clause "Scientists have found signs"

In E

q2) Can I eliminate E because "Therefore" is in between commas so I can drop it. If i drop "Therefore", the sentence in E becomes

Scientists have found signs that ____ and concluded that ____

This is wrong because the "and" is sugesting the "concluded" has NOTHING TO DO WITH THE "have found" whereas we know the scientists have made the conclusion BASED ON what scientists have found
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Hi GMATGuruNY - in A and B

q1) Isn't "Therefore" and "concluding", redundant ? I dont see the point of Therefore given "concluding" is a RESULT of the clause "Scientists have found signs"

In E

q2) Can I eliminate E because "Therefore" is in between commas so I can drop it. If i drop "Therefore", the sentence in E becomes

Scientists have found signs that ____ and concluded that ____

This is wrong because the "and" is sugesting the "concluded" has NOTHING TO DO WITH THE "have found" whereas we know the scientists have made the conclusion BASED ON what scientists have found

Hello jabhatta2,

We hope this finds you well.

To answer your queries, you are indeed correct that the use of "therefore" alongside the "comma + present participle ("verb+ing" - "concluding" in this case)" construction is redundant, as both convey a cause-effect relationship.

You are also correct that the placement of "therefore" between two commas is incorrect, as its omission would alter the meaning of the sentence by removing the sense of "cause and effect" that "therefore" conveys.

We hope this helps.
All the best!
Experts' Global Team
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