First of all, the non-underlined part says: Social scientists in the US have found that people's view of nuclear energy
changed dramatically......."
Do we need "shifting"? No, it's redundant.The correct structure should be:
Social scientists in the US have found that people's view of nuclear energy changed dramatically..., form X to Y. Only D and E remain.
Social scientists in the United States have found that people’s view of nuclear energy
changed dramatically following the Three Mile Island meltdown in 1979,
shifting from optimism and a sense of energy independence to one characterized by fear and distrust.A) shifting from optimism and a sense of energy independence to one characterized by fear and distrust.
Wrong. "shifting" is redundant.
B) shifting from being characterized by optimism and a sense of energy independence to being clouded by fear and distrust.
Wrong.. Same as A. in addition, always avoid "being" in Gmat.
C) shifting from one characterized by optimism and a sense of energy independence to fear and distrust.
Wrong.. Same as A.
D)
from one characterized by optimism and a sense of energy independence
to one clouded by fear and distrust.
Correct. Good structure: people's view changed dramatically, for X to Y.
E) from it being characterized by optimism and a sense of energy independence to it being clouded by fear and distrust.
Wrong. "it being" sound awkward.
Hope it helps.
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59% (01:20) correct 
