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Question 1
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
65%
(hard)
Question Stats:
54% (03:12) correct
46%
(03:26) wrong
based on 291
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
65%
(hard)
Question Stats:
57% (01:51) correct 43%
(01:52) wrong
based on 356
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
45%
(medium)
Question Stats:
66% (01:41) correct 34%
(01:43) wrong
based on 323
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
35%
(medium)
Question Stats:
64% (01:15) correct 36%
(01:24) wrong
based on 333
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 5
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
91% (01:03) correct 9%
(01:31) wrong
based on 307
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 6
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
45%
(medium)
Question Stats:
55% (01:20) correct 45%
(01:38) wrong
based on 308
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 7
A
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
95%
(hard)
Question Stats:
25% (01:29) correct 75%
(01:39) wrong
based on 282
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Specialists in international communications almost unanimously assert that the broadcasting in developing nations of television programs produced by industrialized countries amounts to cultural imperialism: the phenomenon of one culture’s productions overwhelming another’s, to the detriment of the flourishing of the latter. This assertion assumes the automatic dominance of the imported productions and their negative effect on the domestic culture. But the assertion is polemical and abstract, based on little or no research into the place held by imported programs in the economies of importing countries or in the lives of viewers. This is not to deny that dominance is sometimes a risk in relationships between cultures, but rather to say that the assertion lacks empirical foundation and in some cases goes against fact. For one example, imported programs rarely threaten the economic viability of the importing country’s own television industry. For another, imported programs do not uniformly attract larger audiences than domestically produced programs; viewers are not part of a passive, undifferentiated mass but are individuals with personal tastes, and most of them tend to prefer domestically produced television over imported television.
The role of television in developing nations is far removed from what the specialists assert. An anthropological study of one community that deals in part with residents’ viewing habits where imported programs are available cites the popularity of domestically produced serial dramas and points out that, because viewers enjoy following the dramas from day to day, television in the community can serve an analogous function to that of oral poetry, which the residents often use at public gatherings as a daily journal of events of interest.
An empirical approach not unlike that of anthropologists is needed if communications specialists are to understand the impact of external cultural influences on the lives of people in a society. The first question they must investigate is: Given the evidence suggesting that the primary relationship of imported cultural productions to domestic ones is not dominance, then what model best represents the true relationship? One possibility is that, rather than one culture’s productions dominating another’s, the domestic culture absorbs the imported productions and becomes enriched. Another is that the imported productions fuse with domestic culture only where the two share common aspects, such as the use of themes, situations, or character types that are relevant and interesting to both cultures.
Communications researchers will also need to consider how to assess the position of the individual viewer in their model of cultural relationships. This model must emphasize the diversity of human responses, and will require engaging with the actual experiences of viewers, taking into account the variable contexts in which productions are experienced, and the complex manner in which individuals ascribe meanings to those productions.
The role of television in developing nations is far removed from what the specialists assert. An anthropological study of one community that deals in part with residents’ viewing habits where imported programs are available cites the popularity of domestically produced serial dramas and points out that, because viewers enjoy following the dramas from day to day, television in the community can serve an analogous function to that of oral poetry, which the residents often use at public gatherings as a daily journal of events of interest.
An empirical approach not unlike that of anthropologists is needed if communications specialists are to understand the impact of external cultural influences on the lives of people in a society. The first question they must investigate is: Given the evidence suggesting that the primary relationship of imported cultural productions to domestic ones is not dominance, then what model best represents the true relationship? One possibility is that, rather than one culture’s productions dominating another’s, the domestic culture absorbs the imported productions and becomes enriched. Another is that the imported productions fuse with domestic culture only where the two share common aspects, such as the use of themes, situations, or character types that are relevant and interesting to both cultures.
Communications researchers will also need to consider how to assess the position of the individual viewer in their model of cultural relationships. This model must emphasize the diversity of human responses, and will require engaging with the actual experiences of viewers, taking into account the variable contexts in which productions are experienced, and the complex manner in which individuals ascribe meanings to those productions.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) determine which of two hypotheses considered by a certain discipline is correct
(B) discredit the evidence offered for a claim made by a particular discipline
(C) argue that a certain discipline should adopt a particular methodology
(D) examine similar methodological weaknesses in two different disciplines
(E) compare the views of two different disciplines on an issue
(A) determine which of two hypotheses considered by a certain discipline is correct
(B) discredit the evidence offered for a claim made by a particular discipline
(C) argue that a certain discipline should adopt a particular methodology
(D) examine similar methodological weaknesses in two different disciplines
(E) compare the views of two different disciplines on an issue
2. Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?
(A) The author takes issue with an assertion, suggests reasons why the assertion is supported by its proponents, introduces a new view that runs counter to the assertion, and presents examples to support the new view.
(B) The author takes issue with an assertion, presents examples that run counter to the assertion, suggests that a particular approach be taken by the proponents of the assertion, and discusses two questions that should be addressed in the new approach.
(C) The author takes issue with an assertion, introduces a new view that runs counter to the assertion, presents examples that support the new view, and gives reasons why proponents of the assertion should abandon it and adopt the new view.
(D) The author takes issue with an assertion, presents examples that run counter to the assertion, suggests a change in the approach taken by the proponents of the assertion, and discusses two ways in which the new approach will benefit the proponents.
(E) The author takes issue with an assertion, presents examples that run counter to the assertion, introduces a new view that runs counter to the assertion, and suggests ways in which a compromise may be found between the view and the assertion.
(A) The author takes issue with an assertion, suggests reasons why the assertion is supported by its proponents, introduces a new view that runs counter to the assertion, and presents examples to support the new view.
(B) The author takes issue with an assertion, presents examples that run counter to the assertion, suggests that a particular approach be taken by the proponents of the assertion, and discusses two questions that should be addressed in the new approach.
(C) The author takes issue with an assertion, introduces a new view that runs counter to the assertion, presents examples that support the new view, and gives reasons why proponents of the assertion should abandon it and adopt the new view.
(D) The author takes issue with an assertion, presents examples that run counter to the assertion, suggests a change in the approach taken by the proponents of the assertion, and discusses two ways in which the new approach will benefit the proponents.
(E) The author takes issue with an assertion, presents examples that run counter to the assertion, introduces a new view that runs counter to the assertion, and suggests ways in which a compromise may be found between the view and the assertion.
3. Which one of the following is the most logical continuation of the last paragraph of the passage?
(A) Lacking such an emphasis, we cannot judge conclusively the degree to which cultural relationships can be described by an abstract model.
(B) Without such an emphasis, we can be confident that the dominance view asserted by communications specialists will survive the criticisms leveled against it.
(C) Unless they do so, we cannot know for certain whether the model developed describes accurately the impact of external cultural influences on the lives of people.
(D) Until they agree to do so, we can remain secure in the knowledge that communications specialists will never fully gain the scientific credibility they so passionately crave.
(E) But even with such an emphasis, it will be the extent to which the model accurately describes the economic relationship between cultures that determines its usefulness.
(A) Lacking such an emphasis, we cannot judge conclusively the degree to which cultural relationships can be described by an abstract model.
(B) Without such an emphasis, we can be confident that the dominance view asserted by communications specialists will survive the criticisms leveled against it.
(C) Unless they do so, we cannot know for certain whether the model developed describes accurately the impact of external cultural influences on the lives of people.
(D) Until they agree to do so, we can remain secure in the knowledge that communications specialists will never fully gain the scientific credibility they so passionately crave.
(E) But even with such an emphasis, it will be the extent to which the model accurately describes the economic relationship between cultures that determines its usefulness.
4. The author most likely discusses an anthropological study in the second paragraph primarily in order to
(A) provide to international communications specialists a model of cultural relationships
(B) describe to international communications specialists new ways of conducting their research
(C) highlight the flaws in a similar study conducted by international communications specialists
(D) cite evidence that contradicts claims made by international communications specialists
(E) support the claim that international communications specialists need to take the diversity of individual viewing habits into account
(A) provide to international communications specialists a model of cultural relationships
(B) describe to international communications specialists new ways of conducting their research
(C) highlight the flaws in a similar study conducted by international communications specialists
(D) cite evidence that contradicts claims made by international communications specialists
(E) support the claim that international communications specialists need to take the diversity of individual viewing habits into account
5. Which one of the following can most reasonably be concluded about the television viewers who were the subject of the study discussed in the second paragraph?
(A) They will gradually come to prefer imported television programs over domestic ones.
(B) They are likely someday to give up oral poetry in favor of watching television exclusively.
(C) They would likely watch more television if they did not have oral poetry.
(D) They enjoy domestic television programs mainly because they have little access to imported ones.
(E) They watch television for some of the same reasons that they enjoy oral poetry.
(A) They will gradually come to prefer imported television programs over domestic ones.
(B) They are likely someday to give up oral poetry in favor of watching television exclusively.
(C) They would likely watch more television if they did not have oral poetry.
(D) They enjoy domestic television programs mainly because they have little access to imported ones.
(E) They watch television for some of the same reasons that they enjoy oral poetry.
6. According to the author, an empirical study of the effect of external cultural influences on the lives of people in a society must begin by identifying
(A) the viewing habits and tastes of the people in the society
(B) an accurate model of how imported cultural productions influence domestic ones
(C) the role of the external cultural influences in the daily life of the people in the society
(D) shared aspects of domestic and imported productions popular with mass audiences
(E) social factors that affect how external cultural productions are given meaning by viewers
(A) the viewing habits and tastes of the people in the society
(B) an accurate model of how imported cultural productions influence domestic ones
(C) the role of the external cultural influences in the daily life of the people in the society
(D) shared aspects of domestic and imported productions popular with mass audiences
(E) social factors that affect how external cultural productions are given meaning by viewers
7. Suppose a study is conducted that measures the amount of airtime allotted to imported television programming in the daily broadcasting schedules of several developing nations. Given the information in the passage, the results of that study would be most directly relevant to answering which one of the following questions?
(A) How does the access to imported cultural productions differ among these nations?
(B) What are the individual viewing habits of citizens in these nations?
(C) How influential are the domestic television industries in these nations?
(D) Do imported programs attract larger audiences than domestic ones in these nations?
(E) What model best describes the relationship between imported cultural influences and domestic culture in these nations?
(A) How does the access to imported cultural productions differ among these nations?
(B) What are the individual viewing habits of citizens in these nations?
(C) How influential are the domestic television industries in these nations?
(D) Do imported programs attract larger audiences than domestic ones in these nations?
(E) What model best describes the relationship between imported cultural influences and domestic culture in these nations?
13 Nov 2022, 09:06
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Explanation
3. Which one of the following is the most logical continuation of the last paragraph of the passage?
Explanation
A proposed continuation of a passage must fit both the passage as a whole and the paragraph to which it is appended. Rather than wasting time trying to predict where the author might credibly go after the end of the passage as presented, we evaluate the answer choices in turn.
(A) The author is not concerned with identifying the degree to which cultural relationships can be described by an abstract model; she wants to see a model that is based on the actual relationship between imported programs and domestically produced programs, and that accounts for individual responses to programming. Eliminate (A).
(B) The author begins the passage by attacking the dominance view for its lack of a factual basis—whether or not the communications specialists follow the author’s advice, that criticism still stands. Eliminate (B).
(C) In the last two paragraphs of the passage, the author details what she means by recommending an empirical approach for communications researchers. (C) restates the author’s view that the recommended approach will lead to a model based on reality, and so it’s the right answer. For the record:
(D) The author’s observation that communications specialists almost unanimously support the fact-challenged dominance theory suggests that the specialists don’t particularly crave scientific credibility.
(E) mischaracterizes the focus of the passage—it’s not the economic relationships between cultures that the models are supposed to reflect, but the relationship between imported and domestic television programming.
Answer: C
Explanation
A proposed continuation of a passage must fit both the passage as a whole and the paragraph to which it is appended. Rather than wasting time trying to predict where the author might credibly go after the end of the passage as presented, we evaluate the answer choices in turn.
(A) The author is not concerned with identifying the degree to which cultural relationships can be described by an abstract model; she wants to see a model that is based on the actual relationship between imported programs and domestically produced programs, and that accounts for individual responses to programming. Eliminate (A).
(B) The author begins the passage by attacking the dominance view for its lack of a factual basis—whether or not the communications specialists follow the author’s advice, that criticism still stands. Eliminate (B).
(C) In the last two paragraphs of the passage, the author details what she means by recommending an empirical approach for communications researchers. (C) restates the author’s view that the recommended approach will lead to a model based on reality, and so it’s the right answer. For the record:
(D) The author’s observation that communications specialists almost unanimously support the fact-challenged dominance theory suggests that the specialists don’t particularly crave scientific credibility.
(E) mischaracterizes the focus of the passage—it’s not the economic relationships between cultures that the models are supposed to reflect, but the relationship between imported and domestic television programming.
Answer: C
13 Nov 2022, 09:10
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Explanation
7. Suppose a study is conducted that measures the amount of airtime allotted to imported television programming in the daily broadcasting schedules of several developing nations. Given the information in the passage, the results of that study would be most directly relevant to answering which one of the following questions?
Explanation
A long and unusual question stem signals a question that would be a good candidate for working through only after answering the rest of the questions in the
section. It turns out that this question can be answered without returning to the passage—the passage serves merely as a warning to keep one’s conclusions in line with the evidence one has uncovered.
What could a study comparing the amount of airtime allotted to imported television programming in the daily broadcasting schedules of several developing nations tell us? Such a study could allow us to compare how access to imported cultural productions differs among the nations studied—that’s (A).
For the record, such a study would not provide information about individual viewing habits. Eliminate (B).
Knowing the relative amount of time spent airing imported versus domestic programs could provide indirect, but no direct evidence as to the influence of the domestic television industry. Eliminate (C).
Finding out the minutes of imported programming available in a particular country would not allow us to compare the size of audiences for that programming as opposed to domestic programming. Eliminate (D).
The bare information as to the amount of imported programming available in the various countries could not provide a model for describing the relationship between imported cultural influences and domestic culture in these nations. Eliminate (E).
Answer: A
Explanation
A long and unusual question stem signals a question that would be a good candidate for working through only after answering the rest of the questions in the
section. It turns out that this question can be answered without returning to the passage—the passage serves merely as a warning to keep one’s conclusions in line with the evidence one has uncovered.
What could a study comparing the amount of airtime allotted to imported television programming in the daily broadcasting schedules of several developing nations tell us? Such a study could allow us to compare how access to imported cultural productions differs among the nations studied—that’s (A).
For the record, such a study would not provide information about individual viewing habits. Eliminate (B).
Knowing the relative amount of time spent airing imported versus domestic programs could provide indirect, but no direct evidence as to the influence of the domestic television industry. Eliminate (C).
Finding out the minutes of imported programming available in a particular country would not allow us to compare the size of audiences for that programming as opposed to domestic programming. Eliminate (D).
The bare information as to the amount of imported programming available in the various countries could not provide a model for describing the relationship between imported cultural influences and domestic culture in these nations. Eliminate (E).
Answer: A
