Events & Promotions
|
|
GMAT Club Daily Prep
Thank you for using the timer - this advanced tool can estimate your performance and suggest more practice questions. We have subscribed you to Daily Prep Questions via email.
Customized
for You
Track
Your Progress
Practice
Pays
Not interested in getting valuable practice questions and articles delivered to your email? No problem, unsubscribe here.
Nov 2007:30 AM PST
-08:30 AM PST
Learn what truly sets the UC Riverside MBA apart and how it helps in your professional growth
Nov 2211:00 AM IST
-01:00 PM IST
Do RC/MSR passages scare you? e-GMAT is conducting a masterclass to help you learn – Learn effective reading strategies Tackle difficult RC & MSR with confidence Excel in timed test environment- Nov 23
11:00 AM IST
-01:00 PM IST
Attend this free GMAT Algebra Webinar and learn how to master the most challenging Inequalities and Absolute Value problems with ease. 
Nov 2510:00 AM EST
-11:00 AM EST
Prefer video-based learning? The Target Test Prep OnDemand course is a one-of-a-kind video masterclass featuring 400 hours of lecture-style teaching by Scott Woodbury-Stewart, founder of Target Test Prep and one of the most accomplished GMAT instructors.
14 May 2023, 01:55
Kudos
Bookmarks
The energy contained in rock within the earth’s crust represents a nearly unlimited
energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot
water and/or steam recovery systems. These systems have been developed in areas of recent
volcanic activity, where high rates of heat flow cause visible eruptions of water in the form of
geysers and hot springs. In other areas, however, hot rock also exists near the surface but
there is insufficient water present to produce eruptive phenomena. Thus a potential hot dry
rock (HDR) reservoir exists whenever the amount of spontaneously produced geothermal
fluid has been judged inadequate for existing commercial systems.
As a result of a recent energy crisis, new concepts for creating HDR recovery systems—
which involves drilling holes and connecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the
crust—are being developed. In all attempts to retrieve energy from HDR’S, artificial
stimulation will be required to create either sufficient permeability or bounded flow paths to
facilitate the removal of heat by circulation of fluid over the surface of the rock.
The HDR resource base is generally defined to include crustal rock that is hotter than
150℃ is at depths less than ten kilometers and can be drilled with presently available
equipment. Although wells deeper than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing
economic factors will obviously determine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths.
Rock temperatures as low as 100℃ may be useful for space heating; however, for producing
electricity, temperatures greater than 200℃ are desirable.
The geothermal gradient, which specifically determines the depth of drilling required to
reach a desired temperature, is a major factor in the recoverability of geothermal resources.
Temperature gradient maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept
by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists suggest that tappable high-temperature
gradients are distributed all across the United States. (There are many areas, however, for
which no temperature gradient records exist.)
Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large. If an average geothermal
temperature gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13,000,000
quadrillion B.T.U.’s of total energy is calculated to be contained in the crustal rock to a ten-kilometer depth in the United States. If we conservatively estimate that only about 0.2
percent is recoverable, we find a total of all the coal remaining in the United States. The
remaining problem is to balance the economics of deeper, hotter, more costly wells and
shallower, cooler, less expensive wells against the value of the final product, electricity, and/or
heat.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) alert readers to the existence of HDR’s as an available energy source
(B) document the challengers that have been surmounted in the effort to recover
energy from HDR’s
(C) warn the users of coal and oil that HDR’s are not an economically feasible
alternative
(D) encourage the use of new techniques for the recovery of energy from
underground hot water and steam
(E) urge consumers to demand quicker development of HDR resources for the
production of energy
2. The passage would be most likely to appear in a
(A) petrological research report focused on the history of temperature-depth
records in the United States
(B) congressional report urging the conservation of oil and natural gas reserves in
the United States
(C) technical journal article concerned with the recoverability of newly identified
energy sources
(D) consumer report describing the extent and accessibility of remaining coal
resources
(E) pamphlet designed to introduce homeowners to the advantages of HDR
space-heating systems
3. According to the passage, an average geothermal gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of
depth can be used to
(A) balance the economics of HDR energy retrieval against that of underground
hot water or steam recovery systems
(B) determine the amount of energy that will be used for space heating in the United
States
(C) provide comparisons between hot water and HDR energy sources in the United
States
(D) revise the estimates on the extent of remaining coal resources in the United
States
(E) estimate the total HDR resource base in the United States
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the availability of temperature-depth
records for any specific area in the United States depend primarily on the
(A) the possibility that HDR’s may be found in that area
(B) existence of previous attempts to obtain oil or gas in that area
(C) history of successful hot water or steam recovery efforts in that area
(D) failure of inhabitants to conserve oil gas reserves in that area
(E) use of coal as a substitute for oil or gas in that area
5. According to the passage, in all HDR recovery systems fluid will be necessary in
order to allow
(A) sufficient permeability
(B) artificial stimulation
(C) drilling of holes
(D) construction of reservoirs
(E) transfer of heat
6. According to the passage, if the average geothermal gradient in an area is 22℃
per kilometer of depth, which of the following can be reliably predicted?
I. The temperature at the base of a 10-kilometer well will be sufficient for the
production of electricity.
II. Drilling of wells deeper than 10 kilometers will be economically feasible.
III. Insufficient water is present to produce eruptive phenomena.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
7. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?
(A) Energy from Water Sources: The Feasibility of Commercial Systems
(B) Geothermal Energy Retrieval: Volcanic Activity and Hot Dry Rocks
(C) Energy Underground: Geothermal Sources Give Way to Fossil Fuels
(D) Tappable Energy for America’s Future: Hot Dry Rocks
(E) High Geothermal Gradients in the United States: Myth or Reality?
energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot
water and/or steam recovery systems. These systems have been developed in areas of recent
volcanic activity, where high rates of heat flow cause visible eruptions of water in the form of
geysers and hot springs. In other areas, however, hot rock also exists near the surface but
there is insufficient water present to produce eruptive phenomena. Thus a potential hot dry
rock (HDR) reservoir exists whenever the amount of spontaneously produced geothermal
fluid has been judged inadequate for existing commercial systems.
As a result of a recent energy crisis, new concepts for creating HDR recovery systems—
which involves drilling holes and connecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the
crust—are being developed. In all attempts to retrieve energy from HDR’S, artificial
stimulation will be required to create either sufficient permeability or bounded flow paths to
facilitate the removal of heat by circulation of fluid over the surface of the rock.
The HDR resource base is generally defined to include crustal rock that is hotter than
150℃ is at depths less than ten kilometers and can be drilled with presently available
equipment. Although wells deeper than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing
economic factors will obviously determine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths.
Rock temperatures as low as 100℃ may be useful for space heating; however, for producing
electricity, temperatures greater than 200℃ are desirable.
The geothermal gradient, which specifically determines the depth of drilling required to
reach a desired temperature, is a major factor in the recoverability of geothermal resources.
Temperature gradient maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept
by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists suggest that tappable high-temperature
gradients are distributed all across the United States. (There are many areas, however, for
which no temperature gradient records exist.)
Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large. If an average geothermal
temperature gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13,000,000
quadrillion B.T.U.’s of total energy is calculated to be contained in the crustal rock to a ten-kilometer depth in the United States. If we conservatively estimate that only about 0.2
percent is recoverable, we find a total of all the coal remaining in the United States. The
remaining problem is to balance the economics of deeper, hotter, more costly wells and
shallower, cooler, less expensive wells against the value of the final product, electricity, and/or
heat.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) alert readers to the existence of HDR’s as an available energy source
(B) document the challengers that have been surmounted in the effort to recover
energy from HDR’s
(C) warn the users of coal and oil that HDR’s are not an economically feasible
alternative
(D) encourage the use of new techniques for the recovery of energy from
underground hot water and steam
(E) urge consumers to demand quicker development of HDR resources for the
production of energy
2. The passage would be most likely to appear in a
(A) petrological research report focused on the history of temperature-depth
records in the United States
(B) congressional report urging the conservation of oil and natural gas reserves in
the United States
(C) technical journal article concerned with the recoverability of newly identified
energy sources
(D) consumer report describing the extent and accessibility of remaining coal
resources
(E) pamphlet designed to introduce homeowners to the advantages of HDR
space-heating systems
3. According to the passage, an average geothermal gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of
depth can be used to
(A) balance the economics of HDR energy retrieval against that of underground
hot water or steam recovery systems
(B) determine the amount of energy that will be used for space heating in the United
States
(C) provide comparisons between hot water and HDR energy sources in the United
States
(D) revise the estimates on the extent of remaining coal resources in the United
States
(E) estimate the total HDR resource base in the United States
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the availability of temperature-depth
records for any specific area in the United States depend primarily on the
(A) the possibility that HDR’s may be found in that area
(B) existence of previous attempts to obtain oil or gas in that area
(C) history of successful hot water or steam recovery efforts in that area
(D) failure of inhabitants to conserve oil gas reserves in that area
(E) use of coal as a substitute for oil or gas in that area
5. According to the passage, in all HDR recovery systems fluid will be necessary in
order to allow
(A) sufficient permeability
(B) artificial stimulation
(C) drilling of holes
(D) construction of reservoirs
(E) transfer of heat
6. According to the passage, if the average geothermal gradient in an area is 22℃
per kilometer of depth, which of the following can be reliably predicted?
I. The temperature at the base of a 10-kilometer well will be sufficient for the
production of electricity.
II. Drilling of wells deeper than 10 kilometers will be economically feasible.
III. Insufficient water is present to produce eruptive phenomena.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
7. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?
(A) Energy from Water Sources: The Feasibility of Commercial Systems
(B) Geothermal Energy Retrieval: Volcanic Activity and Hot Dry Rocks
(C) Energy Underground: Geothermal Sources Give Way to Fossil Fuels
(D) Tappable Energy for America’s Future: Hot Dry Rocks
(E) High Geothermal Gradients in the United States: Myth or Reality?
Archived Topic
Hi there,
This topic has been closed and archived due to inactivity or violation of community quality standards. No more replies are possible here.
Where to now? Join ongoing discussions on thousands of quality questions in our Reading Comprehension (RC) Forum
Still interested in this question? Check out the "Best Topics" block below for a better discussion on this exact question, as well as several more related questions.
Thank you for understanding, and happy exploring!
14 May 2023, 05:19
Kudos
Bookmarks
Hello im_praneet
Please search in the forum before posting new topic, this question is already posted and discussed here
the-energy-contained-in-rock-within-the-earth-s-crust-represents-a-nea-314718.html
Cheers
Please search in the forum before posting new topic, this question is already posted and discussed here
the-energy-contained-in-rock-within-the-earth-s-crust-represents-a-nea-314718.html
Cheers
im_praneet
Archived Topic
Hi there,
This topic has been closed and archived due to inactivity or violation of community quality standards. No more replies are possible here.
Where to now? Join ongoing discussions on thousands of quality questions in our Reading Comprehension (RC) Forum
Still interested in this question? Check out the "Best Topics" block above for a better discussion on this exact question, as well as several more related questions.
Thank you for understanding, and happy exploring!
Moderators:
189 posts
