Adapted from “Humming-Birds: As Illustrating the Luxuriance of Tropical Nature” in Tropical Nature, and Other Essays by Alfred Russel Wallace (1878)
The food of hummingbirds has been a matter of much controversy. All the early writers down to Buffon believed that they lived solely on the nectar of flowers, but since that time, every close observer of their habits maintains that they feed largely, and in some cases wholly, on insects. Azara observed them on the La Plata in winter taking insects out of the webs of spiders at a time and place where there were no flowers. Bullock, in Mexico, declares that he saw them catch small butterflies, and that he found many kinds of insects in their stomachs. Waterton made a similar statement. Hundreds and perhaps thousands of specimens have since been dissected by collecting naturalists, and in almost every instance their stomachs have been found full of insects, sometimes, but not generally, mixed with a proportion of honey. Many of them in fact may be seen catching gnats and other small insects just like fly-catchers, sitting on a dead twig over water, darting off for a time in the air, and then returning to the twig. Others come out just at dusk, and remain on the wing, now stationary, now darting about with the greatest rapidity, imitating in a limited space the evolutions of the goatsuckers, and evidently for the same end and purpose. Mr. Gosse also remarks,” All the hummingbirds have more or less the habit, when in flight, of pausing in the air and throwing the body and tail into rapid and odd contortions. This is most observable in the Polytmus, from the effect that such motions have on the long feathers of the tail. That the object of these quick turns is the capture of insects, I am sure, having watched one thus engaged pretty close to me.”
1. The purpose of this passage is __________.A. to explain why one should feed a captive hummingbird insects and not flower nectar
B. to critique the opinions of other scientists
C. to discuss the Polytmus’ feeding habits
D. to propose a definitive experiment about what hummingbirds eat
E. to consider the opinions of scientists on what hummingbirds eat
2. What do Azara, Bullock, and Waterton have in common?A. They are all scientists who think hummingbirds eat insects.
B. They are all types of hummingbirds.
C. They are all types of birds that eat insects.
D. They are all critics of the writer and disagree with his theory.
E. They are all scientists who think hummingbirds eat flower nectar.
3. Which of the following does the author contrast in this passage?A. The results of feeding a hummingbird insects and the results of feeding a hummingbird flower nectar
B. Hummingbirds that eat flower nectar and hummingbirds that eat insects
C. Hummingbirds with long tails and hummingbirds with short tails
D. The beliefs of historical scientists and the beliefs of scientists of the author’s time
E. The author’s opinion about what hummingbirds eat and Mr. Gosse’s opinion about what hummingbirds eat
4. Based on what is said in the passage, the author most likely believes that __________.A. hummingbirds eat neither flower nectar nor insects
B. None of the other answers
C. hummingbirds eat a mixture of flower nectar and insects, but mostly insects
D. hummingbirds eat a mixture of flower nectar and insects, but mostly flower nectar
E. hummingbirds eat only flower nectar
5. What evidence does Mr. Gosse have to support the claim that hummingbirds eat insects?A. He read in a reputable scientific journal that they eat insects.
B. He observed one flailing around in the air and concluded that it was eating insects.
C. He surmised that they must eat insects because he has never seen one eating flower nectar.
D. He examined the contents of a hummingbird’s stomach and found many insects in it.
E. A hummingbird got into his collection of live insects, and soon after, all of his insects were missing.
6. Based on the way the term is used in passage, what is “the Polytmus”?A. A species of flower that often attracts hummingbirds
B. A type of carnivorous mammal that eats hummingbirds
C. A scientific term for a fledgling hummingbird that cannot yet fly
D. A type of hummingbird with a long tail
E. A type of hummingbird with particularly bright coloring
7. What can we infer from the author’s use of the highlighted phrase, “sometimes, but not generally”?A. None of the other answers
B. Hummingbirds can be found with only honey in their stomachs quite often.
C. Hummingbirds can be found with honey in their stomachs, but it is not common.
D. Hummingbirds can be found with both honey and insects in their stomachs, and this is what scientists observe most often.
E. Hummingbirds can be found with insects in their stomachs, but this is rare.
8. How does the quotation from Mr. Gosse relate to the evidence provided by other scientists earlier in the passage?A. It suggests that the earlier evidence applies not only to hummingbirds but to another type of bird as well.
B. It supports the same conclusions that the previous evidence supports.
C. It has nothing to do with the previous evidence.
D. It suggests that some of the previous evidence may be true, but some may be false.
E. It contradicts the previous evidence and supports a different hypothesis.
9. What can we infer from the highlighted sentence, “Many [hummingbirds] in fact may be seen catching gnats and other small insects just like fly-catchers, sitting on a dead twig over water, darting off for a time in the air, and then returning to the twig"?A. All hummingbirds live near bodies of water.
B. Some hummingbirds live near bodies of water.
C. All hummingbirds live in the desert.
D. Some hummingbirds live in the desert.
E. Gnats are rarely found near bodies of water.
10. Which of the following inferences does the passage expect its readers to make?A. If a hummingbird eats gnats, it will not eat honey.
B. If a hummingbird consumes flower nectar, this nectar will turn into the honey that can be found in its stomach.
C. The author is the first scientist to ever have investigated what hummingbirds eat.
D. Scientists rarely learn about hummingbirds by dissecting them.
E. Fly-catchers are a type of insect.