The steady growth of the world’s population has clearly created a food

Dear Sajjad1994,
Thanks for your efforts. I regularly follow your posts.
If possible, help me with the explanation to answer 3.

In my view:
Central idea of the passage is to critically analyze the against ideas of the poverty emancipation methods used. In the third paragraph, the authors lists the recommendation. But it is not the central idea of the whole passage. Hence, I marked option E.

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@Sajjad1994
in the last paragraph, it is mentioned- part of the underdeveloped societies themselves:
isn't it means that within the underdeveloped countries means must be found to make it contrary to anyone’s interest to keep others poor.[/quote]

Dear Sajjad1994,
Can you please tell me how the answer to first question is determinable??

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Sajjad can you please give the OE of no. 2 ?

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­Passage Analysis - ­
P1 - 
S1. The steady growth of the world’s population has clearly created a food production and distribution crisis.
What - Population growth has caused the food production and distribution crisis
Who - Author
Why - Opinion 

S2 - The time has arrived when government development agencies, agronomists, and even bankers must borrow the environmentalists’ slogan, “Small is beautiful.”
What - recommendation. 
Who - Author
Why - The author urges "government development agencies, agronomists, and even bankers" for a paradigm shift because of a crisis. 

S3 - They need to scale back grandiose development projects—vast irrigation systems, power dams, new industrial establishments, and huge loans for “economic growth” and for food imports to the poorest nations and turn toward simpler, but politically less popular, approaches to world hunger that help promote self-sufficiency.

What - explained the "small is beautiful." "turn towards" is a critical contrast/comparison phrase which talks about author's intent of suggesting the that the current practices need to be changed. What practices? The author will talk in the following few lines. 
Who - Author
Why - To explain S2 and expand on what he meant by his recommendation. Primarily - less popular approaches to world hunger, approaches that promote self-sufficiency. 

Summary - The author shares a concern and then shares his recommendation/changes. 

P2 - 
S4 - It remains to be seen whether donor countries will willingly discontinue massive gifts bestowed ostensibly upon the poor.
What - The author shares his skepticism about the donor countries. 
Who - Author 
Why -  May be author will talk next why he feels so. 

S5 - To curtail subsidized exports of surplus foodstuffs, except in response to natural disasters or famine, would be politically inexpedient since such exports are extremely popular among powerful agribusiness interests.
What -  The author explains the possible issue with one aspect the donor countries engage. It seems that giving these subsidized exports is in these donor countries' agribusiness interests. So it remains to be seen how they discontinue such an incentivised export model. 
Who - author 
Why - To explain the possible issue. 

S6 - Persuading financial institutions to restrain their eagerness to extend credit to poor nations, many already in debt, may prove equally difficult.
S7 - A considerable percentage of these loan dollars ultimately purchase industrial world products for middle- or upper-income customers abroad, doing little to assuage hunger.

What - Likewise, the author explains the possible issue with financial institutions and their self-serving credits. These loans ultimately help middle- and upper-income customers in poor countries buy industrial products from developed countries. So ultimately, these dollars credited to poor countries increase the business activity in the developed countries. 
Who - Author
Why - Author shares another delimma but this time amongst the financial institutions as to how will they give up the gifts approach when its ultimately for their benefit? 

S8 - Similarly, Third World facilities of multinational corporations, which lure the poor from the land and into city slums in search of bare subsistence wages or even nonexistent jobs, produce products primarily for affluent consumers.

What - The author also touches on the issues with the MNCs in the 3rd world countries.  
Who - Author 
Why - Highlight that the actions of these MNCs, instead of solving the problem, further exacerbate the issue, moving people to cities to live in slums in search of bare subsistence wages or even nonexistent jobs. 

S9 - Exporting simple agricultural technology by way of services as well as implements would be far more helpful. 

What - Author's recommendation. Exporting simple agricultural technology will be more helpful. 
Who - Author
Why - Attempt to solve the food production and distribution crisis. 


P3 -
S 10 - Also needed are reforms on the part of the underdeveloped societies themselves: more equitable distribution of land and access to water, effective control of corrupt marketing practices, and an end to the exploitation of labor.
What - Author is also talking about the reforms required in the underdeveloped societies. 
Who - Author 
Why - Author is expanding the preview of responsibility which is not only with the donor countries but also with the receiving side as well. It has to be a mutual effort. 

S11 - Ultimately, however, means must be found to make it contrary to anyone’s interest to keep others poor.
What - The author is saying contrary to the interest of the donor countries and maybe the benefactors in the poor countries, who both want people to remain poor as it benefits the donor countries and maybe the benefactors in the poor countries, so the author is making a solid recommendation or obligation that we must find these means. 
Who - Author 
Why - Because this is counterintuitive for both donors and receivers as both benefit from it (and the author is highlighting the issues in both sides giving up this model anytime soon, a model which leads people to remain poor while donors or benefactors reap the spoils), but considering the crisis, these means must be found. The author is pressing on the need for a systematic change.
 
S12 - Movement in this direction may occur only as the earth’s resources become more scarce, population pressures increase, and the starving become more desperate and articulate.

What - The author also acknowledges that as this is counterintuitive to the "haves," the mimum condition for this to occur is "the earth’s resources become more scarce, population pressures increase, and the starving become more desperate and articulate." 
Who - Author
Why - The author acknowledges the obstacles to his recommendation and highlights the minimum conditions when this change may occur. The author is pessimistic, suggesting that the required change may occur only under dire circumstances. 

Overall - The author's tone is argumentative. He highlights an issue, shares a recommendation/changes required, and also makes us aware of the challenges. ­­­

­3. The author develops the central idea of the passage primarily by

(A) attacking the powerful oligarchies that have perpetuated hunger among Third World people - out of scope. 

(B) contrasting hunger relief programs that have proven effective with those that have proven ineffective - Out of scope.

(C) listing a series of recommended changes to the current approach to world hunger - Yes. The author talks about one key recommendation: exporting simpler agricultural technologies. But there are also other changes, such as changes in terms of rethinking of large-scale projects, reform in the financial lending practices, changes in operations of multinational corporations, and reforms in underdeveloped societies. How do we know that the author is making these changes - They need to scale back, must borrow the environmentalists’ slogan, and means must be found to make it contrary. Look for the word "turn towards" - turn toward simpler, but politically less popular, approaches, meaning that existing approaches are insufficient and need to be changed. Look for descriptive words such as - turn toward simpler (Simpler than what? than the existing approaches), more equitable distribution of land and access to water (More equitable to what? to the existing practices), the use of "would" and "could" suggests indications for change. Sometimes, the recommendation for the change is more explicit, meaning if the author points to the flaws in the current methods and points to the new methods, it indicates the changes. 

(D) recounting the history of failed attempts to alleviate world hunger - Out of scope. 

(E) critically examining arguments for and against the most common approaches to the world hunger crisis - There are no "for" arguments for the donor country and receiving country approaches. The author's tone is more prescriptive and not analytical. ­

­4. In the last paragraph, the author implies that

(A) developed countries are not ultimately responsible for the hunger problem in Third World countries. - No this is opposite of what the author believes. He believes they are somewhat responsible, at least in terms of their self-serving actions. 

(B) developed countries are unwilling to make true sacrifices to help feed the hungry people of the Third World. - Yes. That's why the author states, "means must be found to make it contrary to anyone’s interest to keep others poor." then the author takes a pessimistic tone that these changes can occur only if "as the earth’s resources become more scarce, population pressures increase, and the starving become more desperate and articulate." This means the changes may only occur under dire circumstances. Why? Because it's next to impossible to change the current self-serving methods. 

(C) multinational corporations are largely to blame for a lack of self-sufficiency among Third World countries. -Out of scope. 

(D) change in political leadership in Third World countries is needed to solve the hunger problem in those countries. - Out of scope. 

(E) as the global population continues to grow, effective solutions to the world hunger problem will become more elusive. - "Elusive" means challenging to attain. No, the author doesn't say that effective solutions become "difficult to attain as the population grows." Author says, that it is a minimum condition for change in direction. Distortion. ­