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Hi everyone,
Got 3/4 correct in 6:30 minutes, including 2 minutes to read and 4:30 minutes to answer the questions.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------


P1

In this paragraph the author introduces 2 conditions that must be met when a standard organ transplantation is to be done. Later the author presents a case in which the previous standards do not apply and explains why.

Purpose: to present a general situation and a specific one to which the standards do not apply



Main point

To present a general situation and a specific one to which the standards do not apply


----------------------------------------------------------------------------


1. The primary purpose of the passage is to treat the accepted generalizations about organ transplantation in which of the following ways?

Pre-thinking

Purpose question

The author talks about a case in which such standards do not apply


(A) Explicate their main features out of scope
(B) Suggest an alternative to them no alternative is suggested
(C) Examine their virtues and limitations no limitation is presented
(D) Criticize the major evidence used to support them no critic is made
(E) Present findings that qualify them wordy but correct. The author present the accepted generalizations and presents a case in which such generalizations do not apply. Hence the author is qualifying the generalizations


----------------------------------------------------------------------------


2. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes that an important difference among strains of rats is the

Pre-thinking

Inference question

Our hypothesis is that (1) many strains of rats simply cannot mount a sufficiently vigorous destructive immune-response (using lymphocytes) to outstrip the liver's relatively great capacity to protect itself from immune-response damage


(A) size of their livers
(B) constitution of their skin
(C) strength of their immune-response reactions
(D) sensitivity of their antigens
(E) adaptability of their lymphocytes



----------------------------------------------------------------------------



3. According to the hypothesis of the author, after a successful liver transplant, the reason that rats do not reject further transplants of other organs from the same donor is that the

Pre-thinking

Detail question

and that (2) the systemic unresponsiveness observed is due to concentration of the recipient's donor-specific lymphocytes at the site of the liver transplant.


(A) transplantation antigens of the donor and the recipient become matched
(B) lymphocytes of the recipient are weakened by the activity of the transplanted liver
(C) subsequently transplanted organ is able to repair the damage caused by the recipient's immune-response reaction
(D) transplanted liver continues to be the primary locus for the recipient's immune-response reaction
(E) recipient is unable to manufacture the lymphocytes necessary for the immune-response reaction



----------------------------------------------------------------------------


4. Which of the following new findings about strains of rats that do not normally reject liver transplants, if true, would support the authors' hypothesis?

Pre-thinking

Inference question

Let's evaluate the options


I. Stomach transplants are accepted by the recipients in all cases.
Too extreme. OUT

II. Increasing the strength of the recipient's immune-response reaction can induce liver-transplant rejection.
Correct as this option is in line with the first reason why the rats do not reject transplants (1)

III. Organs from any other donor can be transplanted without rejection after liver transplantation.
just from the same donor

IV. Preventing lymphocytes from being concentrated at the liver transplant produces acceptance of skin transplants.
Don't need to evaluate this option as we eliminated all the others and among the answers we do not have just II and IV

(A) II only
(B) I and III only
(C) II and IV only
(D) I,II, and III only
(E) I, III, and IV only


----------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Not able to understand the answer for the first question. Could you please help? KarishmaB
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The transplantation of organs from one individual to another normally involves two major problems: (1) organ rejection is likely unless the transplantation antigens of both individuals are nearly identical, and (2) the introduction of any unmatched transplantation antigens induces the development by the recipient of donor-specific lymphocytes that will produce violent rejection of further transplantations from that donor. However, we have found that among many strains of rats these "normal" rules of transplantation are not obeyed by liver transplants. Not only are liver transplants never rejected, but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor, are accepted permanently. Our hypothesis is that (1) many strains of rats simply cannot mount a sufficiently vigorous destructive immune-response (using lymphocytes) to outstrip the liver's relatively great capacity to protect itself from immune-response damage and that (2) the systemic unresponsiveness observed is due to concentration of the recipient's donor-specific lymphocytes at the site of the liver transplant.




Question 1


1. The primary purpose of the passage is to treat the accepted generalizations about organ transplantation in which of the following ways?

(A) Explicate their main features
(B) Suggest an alternative to them
(C) Examine their virtues and limitations
(D) Criticize the major evidence used to support them
(E) Present findings that qualify them


The passage gives the normal problems of transplantation of organs. Then it gives an exception "However, we have found that among many strains of rats these "normal" rules of transplantation are not obeyed by liver transplants." and explains the exception of liver transplant.

Hence option (E) is correct.

(E) Present findings that qualify them

The passage presents findings that qualify accepted generalizations. Qualify in this context means "limited, not complete"
e.g. "My support is qualified" means I will support but not in all cases.
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I did not know how "qualify" was used in the option. Understood now. Thanks very much!
KarishmaB
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The transplantation of organs from one individual to another normally involves two major problems: (1) organ rejection is likely unless the transplantation antigens of both individuals are nearly identical, and (2) the introduction of any unmatched transplantation antigens induces the development by the recipient of donor-specific lymphocytes that will produce violent rejection of further transplantations from that donor. However, we have found that among many strains of rats these "normal" rules of transplantation are not obeyed by liver transplants. Not only are liver transplants never rejected, but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor, are accepted permanently. Our hypothesis is that (1) many strains of rats simply cannot mount a sufficiently vigorous destructive immune-response (using lymphocytes) to outstrip the liver's relatively great capacity to protect itself from immune-response damage and that (2) the systemic unresponsiveness observed is due to concentration of the recipient's donor-specific lymphocytes at the site of the liver transplant.




Question 1


1. The primary purpose of the passage is to treat the accepted generalizations about organ transplantation in which of the following ways?

(A) Explicate their main features
(B) Suggest an alternative to them
(C) Examine their virtues and limitations
(D) Criticize the major evidence used to support them
(E) Present findings that qualify them


The passage gives the normal problems of transplantation of organs. Then it gives an exception "However, we have found that among many strains of rats these "normal" rules of transplantation are not obeyed by liver transplants." and explains the exception of liver transplant.

Hence option (E) is correct.

(E) Present findings that qualify them

The passage presents findings that qualify accepted generalizations. Qualify in this context means "limited, not complete"
e.g. "My support is qualified" means I will support but not in all cases.
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