The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about

Question

New Project RC Butler 2019  -  Practice 2 RC Passages Everyday   
Passage # 330, Date : 14-Sep-2019
 This post is a part of New Project RC Butler 2019 .  Click here for Details

The use of  heat pumps  has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers' claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation.

Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop. The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a  flow restriction  which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. Of the two heat exchangers, one is located inside, and the other one outside the house, so each is in contact with a different body of air: room air and outside air, respectively.

The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlled by valves. When the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switch function. This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps either to heat or cool room air.

Now, if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermal energy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energy conservation been challenged? No, not even remotely: the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation.

Unfortunately, there is one real problem. The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls. The drop in capacity is caused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass moved through the compressor at one time. The heating capacity is proportional to this mass flow rate: the less the mass of refrigerant being compressed, the less the thermal load it can transfer through the heat-pump cycle. The volume flow rate of refrigerant vapor through the single-speed rotary compressor used in heat pumps is approximately constant. But cold refrigerant vapor entering a compressor is at a lower pressure than warmer vapor. Therefore, the mass of cold refrigerant --- and thus the thermal energy it carries --- is less than if the refrigerant vapor were warmer before compression.

Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in extremely cold climates-where the most heat is needed-heat pumps are least able to supply enough heat.   1 
 C 
 1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) explain the differences in the working of a heat pump when the outdoor temperature changes 
(B) contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat pumps 
(C) describe heat pumps, their use, and factors affecting their use 
(D) advocate the more widespread use of heat pumps 
(E) expose extravagant claims about heat pumps as false

2 
 C 
 2. The author resolves the question of whether heat pumps run counter to the principle of energy conservation by

(A) carefully qualifying the meaning of that principle 
(B) pointing out a factual error in the statement that gives rise to this question 
(C) supplying additional relevant facts 
(D) denying the relevance of that principle to heat pumps 
(E) explaining that heat pumps can cool, as well as heat, room air

3 
 A 
 3. It can be inferred from the passage that, in the course of a heating season, the heating capacity of a heat pump is greatest when

(A) heating is least essential 
(B) electricity rates are lowest 
(C) its compressor runs the fastest 
(D) outdoor temperatures hold steady 
(E) the heating demand surges

4 
 C 
 4. If the author's assessment of the use of  heat pumps  is correct, which of the following best expresses the lesson that advertisers should learn from this case?

(A) Do not make exaggerated claims about the products you are trying to promote. 
(B) Focus your advertising campaign on vague analogies and veiled implications instead of on facts. 
(C) Do not use facts in your advertising that will strain the prospective client's ability to believe. 
(D) Do not assume in your advertising that the prospective clients know even the most elementary scientific principles. 
(E) Concentrate your advertising firmly on financially relevant issues such as price discounts and efficiency of operation.

5 
 E 
 5. The passage suggests that heat pumps would be used more widely if

(A) they could also be used as air conditioners 
(B) they could be moved around to supply heat where it is most needed 
(C) their heat output could be thermostatically controlled 
(D) models with truly superior cooling capacity were advertised more effectively 
(E) people appreciated the role of the evaporator in the energy equation

6 
 C 
 6. According to the passage, the role of the  flow restriction  in a heat pump is to

(A) measure accurately the flow rate of the refrigerant mass at that point 
(B) compress and heat the refrigerant vapor 
(C) bring about the evaporation and cooling of refrigerant 
(D) exchange heat between the refrigerant and the air at that point 
(E) reverse the direction of refrigerant flow when needed

7 
 A 
 7. The author regards the notion that heat pumps have a genuine drawback as a

(A) cause for regret 
(B) sign of premature defeatism 
(C) welcome challenge 
(D) case of sloppy thinking 
(E) focus for an educational campaign

KarishmaB · Accepted Answer

5. The passage suggests that heat pumps would be used more widely if

(A) they could also be used as air conditioners 
(B) they could be moved around to supply heat where it is most needed 
(C) their heat output could be thermostatically controlled 
(D) models with truly superior cooling capacity were advertised more effectively 
(E) people appreciated the role of the evaporator in the energy equation

There is one important point here: It doesn't matter what you want to say - you must say only what the question asks you.

Sure, I would like to say that heat pumps would be more widely used if they supplied heat when most needed. But is that the question? No. They are asking "what does the passage suggest?" not what I think.

First line - "The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers' claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, "

Use has been held back due to skepticism about providing 2 units of energy for 1 unit of electricity.
Why is there this skepticism - "the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation" is not understood.
People don't appreciate the role of evaporator. So if they do, as per the passage, the use of heat pumps should go up.

Answer (E)

gmat1393 · Answer

carcass

please help with Q2 and Q3.

carcass · Answer

The first paragraph states that

Then the second one explains clearly the entire process which indeed ends up with the following

A serious of steps to explain in very details how it works and how inside the house you have the heat or the cool air.

(C) supplying additional relevant facts

Q3 is tough because it is essentially a paradox.

3. It can be inferred from the passage that, in the course of a heating season, the heating capacity of a heat pump is greatest when

The first sentence of the fifth paragraph says

The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls.

Then the last sentence

a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in  extremely cold climates - where the most heat is needed - heat pumps are least able to supply enough heat.

Actually, when we do need the most, they fail.

So, we infer that the heating capacity is greatest when the heat itself is least essential, during the summer or spring season.

Hope this helps

Debashis Roy · Answer

GMATNinja   VeritasKarishma 
Dint get Q3 an dQ5...could you help please...
thanks in advance

KarishmaB · Answer

3. It can be inferred from the passage that, in the course of a heating season, the heating capacity of a heat pump is greatest when

(A) heating is least essential 
(B) electricity rates are lowest 
(C) its compressor runs the fastest 
(D) outdoor temperatures hold steady 
(E) the heating demand surges

The first sentence of fifth paragraph tells us - The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls. 
So by extrapolation, when the temp is higher, heating capacity is higher. It falls with falling temperature. 
You are also given that "where the most heat is needed-heat pumps are least able to supply enough heat."
So, when the temp is higher, less heating is required but that is when the heating capacity is the most. Answer (A)

Besides, the fifth paragraph explains you exactly why it is so...

The drop in capacity is caused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass. 
The heating capacity varies with mass flow rate: the less the mass of refrigerant being compressed, the less heating capacity.

The volume flow rate of refrigerant vapour is approximately constant. But cold refrigerant vapor entering a compressor is at a lower pressure than warmer vapor. Therefore, the mass of cold refrigerant --- and thus the thermal energy it carries --- is less than if the refrigerant vapor were warmer before compression. 
So the colder it gets, less is the mass of vapour and less is the heating capacity. Warmer it get, more is the heating capacity.

Naila02 · Answer

VeritasKarishma  Could you please shed some lights on Q1 and Q6?

diegoei91bcp · Answer

Good RC passage. I just made a mistake in the final question: 7. The author regards the notion that heat pumps have a genuine drawback as a

I guess that the answer was A because at the beginning of the penultimate paragraph the author says "Unfortunately", right?

However, in the last paragraph, the author also says "Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps", which indicates that he is granting the critics a weakness of heat pumps; in other words, "welcoming a challenge"

Why is A) better than C) then?

Vedant1807 · Answer

It took me 9 mins 23 secs to finish this passage and got 6 correct out of 7. Is this speed okay for GRE??

Shradhap2000 · Answer

Can someone please explain question 7 ??

Posted from my mobile device

Vashu0811 · Answer

can anyone explain whole rc? I didn't understand

The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about

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GMAT Reading Comprehension (RC) Questions

The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about

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