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to + have + verbED

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NakulDiwakar10
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to + have + verbED [#permalink] New post   22 Nov 2023, 09:33
What is this tense denote? Can someone explain this concept in detail? Its usage with certain examples
AjiteshArun AndrewN
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MartyMurray
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Re: to + have + verbED [#permalink] New post   22 Nov 2023, 11:17
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Hi Nakul.

Often, "to have verb-ed" is part of idiomatic constructions that communicate ideas about someone or something being found, known, or otherwise perceived to have done something.

Examples:

The ancient Romans are believed to have experienced lead poisoning in great numbers.

Only one photo is known to have survived.

Like Justine, she was being shamed because she was perceived to have misused her privilege.
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AjiteshArun
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Re: to + have + verbED [#permalink] New post   22 Nov 2023, 22:03
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NakulDiwakar10 wrote:
What is this tense denote? Can someone explain this concept in detail? Its usage with certain examples
AjiteshArun AndrewN

Hi NakulDiwakar10,

I normally refer to {to + have + past participle} as the (full) perfect infinitive. Although infinitives don't have tense, this kind of perfect infinitive is primarily used to:

1. Convey a meaning similar to the past or perfect tenses

1a. He was sorry to have dropped the catch. ← This is similar to "He was sorry that he had dropped the catch".

1b. She appears to have taken the GMAT. ← This is similar to "It appears that she took/has taken the GMAT".

2. Refer to the past or hypothetical past alone or after verbs like be

2a. This was to have been her second attempt. ← This means that she didn't actually go ahead with the second attempt.

2b. To have denied the allegations would have hurt his public image. ← Would have signals that he didn't deny the allegations.

2c. To have won a Grand Slam at such a young age was a remarkable achievement. ← This means that the person we're talking about did win a Grand Slam.
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Re: to + have + verbED [#permalink] New post   22 Nov 2023, 23:12
Combining enormous physical strength with higher intelligence, the Neanderthals appear to have been equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their path, but their relatively sudden disappearance during the paleolithic era indicates that an inability to adapt to some environmental change led to their extinction.
AjiteshArun MartyMurray
Can you please explain in this context(highlighted portion). I am not able to connect your replies to this particular sentence
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to + have + verbED [#permalink] New post   23 Nov 2023, 04:45
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NakulDiwakar10 wrote:
Combining enormous physical strength with higher intelligence, the Neanderthals appear to have been equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their path, but their relatively sudden disappearance during the paleolithic era indicates that an inability to adapt to some environmental change led to their extinction.
AjiteshArun MartyMurray
Can you please explain in this context(highlighted portion). I am not able to connect your replies to this particular sentence

Hi NakulDiwakar10,

Have a look at (1b) in my initial post. In your sentence as well, the perfect infinitive is used to refer to something before (in the past of) the verb it is connected to (appear).

The Neanderthals appear to have been equipped to face any obstacle...
is similar to
It appears that the Neanderthals were equipped to face any obstacle...

In other words, it appears (now) that the Neanderthals were equipped (in the past) to face any obstacle. After this, we get the rest of the sentence ("but their relatively sudden disappearance during the paleolithic era indicates that an inability to adapt...").
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to + have + verbED [#permalink]
23 Nov 2023, 04:45
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