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04 Apr 2020, 09:14
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Question 1
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
85%
(hard)
Question Stats:
30% (02:36) correct
70%
(02:54) wrong
based on 1168
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
95%
(hard)
Question Stats:
36% (01:39) correct 64%
(01:41) wrong
based on 1129
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
A
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
95%
(hard)
Question Stats:
34% (01:26) correct 66%
(01:22) wrong
based on 1090
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Diseases associated with aging in women are difficult to correlate explicitly with estrogen deficiency because aging and genetics are important influences in the development of such diseases. A number of studies, however, indicate a profound effect of estrogen deficiency in syndromes such as cardiovascular disease (including atherosclerosis and stroke) and osteoporosis—the loss and increasing fragility of bone in aging individuals.
The amount of bone in the elderly skeleton—a key determinant in its susceptibility to fractures—is believed to be a function of two major factors. The first is the peak amount of bone mass attained, determined to a large extent by genetic inheritance. The marked effect of gender is obvious—elderly men experience only one-half as many hip fractures per capita as elderly women. However, African American women have a lower incidence of osteoporotic fractures than Caucasian women. Other important variables include diet, exposure to sunlight, and physical activity. The second major factor is the rate of bone loss after peak bone mass has been attained. While many of the variables that affect peak bone mass also affect rates of bone loss, additional factors influencing bone loss include physiological stresses such as pregnancy and lactation. It is hormonal status, however, reflected primarily by estrogen and progesterone levels, that may exert the greatest effect on rates of decline in skeletal mass.
The amount of bone in the elderly skeleton—a key determinant in its susceptibility to fractures—is believed to be a function of two major factors. The first is the peak amount of bone mass attained, determined to a large extent by genetic inheritance. The marked effect of gender is obvious—elderly men experience only one-half as many hip fractures per capita as elderly women. However, African American women have a lower incidence of osteoporotic fractures than Caucasian women. Other important variables include diet, exposure to sunlight, and physical activity. The second major factor is the rate of bone loss after peak bone mass has been attained. While many of the variables that affect peak bone mass also affect rates of bone loss, additional factors influencing bone loss include physiological stresses such as pregnancy and lactation. It is hormonal status, however, reflected primarily by estrogen and progesterone levels, that may exert the greatest effect on rates of decline in skeletal mass.
1. Based upon the passage, which of the following is LEAST clearly a factor affecting the rate of decline in bone mass?
(A) Gender
(B) Exposure to sunlight
(C) Progesterone levels
(D) Age
(E) Estrogen levels
(A) Gender
(B) Exposure to sunlight
(C) Progesterone levels
(D) Age
(E) Estrogen levels
2. In discussing the “marked effect of gender” (Highlighted), the author assumes all of the following EXCEPT
(A) the difference in incidence of hip fractures is not due instead to different rates of bone loss.
(B) the incidence of hip fractures among elderly men as compared to elderly women is representative of the total number of bone fractures among elderly men as compared to elderly women.
(C) elderly women are not more accident-prone than elderly men.
(D) the population upon which the cited statistic is based includes both African Americans and Caucasians.
(E) men achieve peak bone mass at the same age as women.
(A) the difference in incidence of hip fractures is not due instead to different rates of bone loss.
(B) the incidence of hip fractures among elderly men as compared to elderly women is representative of the total number of bone fractures among elderly men as compared to elderly women.
(C) elderly women are not more accident-prone than elderly men.
(D) the population upon which the cited statistic is based includes both African Americans and Caucasians.
(E) men achieve peak bone mass at the same age as women.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the peak amount of bone mass in women
(A) is not affected by either pregnancy or lactation.
(B) is determined primarily by diet.
(C) depends partly upon hormonal status.
(D) may play a role in determining the rate of decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels.
(E) is not dependent upon genetic makeup.
(A) is not affected by either pregnancy or lactation.
(B) is determined primarily by diet.
(C) depends partly upon hormonal status.
(D) may play a role in determining the rate of decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels.
(E) is not dependent upon genetic makeup.
05 Apr 2020, 03:46
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Bold are answers.
1. Based upon the passage, which of the following is LEAST clearly a factor affecting the rate of decline in bone mass?
(A) Gender
(B) Exposure to sunlight
(C) Progesterone levels
(D) Age
”because aging and genetics are important influences in the development of such diseases.”
(E) Estrogen levels
Explantion of question 1
This is also a tricky question, purely because all of the listed ARE factors affecting the rate of decline in bone mass. Now we have to figure out which is the LEAST.
So how I will go about it is go from the most important to least. See the last paragraph says estrogen and progesterone level may exert GREATEST effect. Perfect, these are the greatest. C and E out.
A is out as well as the paragraph states – “The marked effect of gender is obvious”. It must be a critical factor. A is out.
First line of the para states ageing and genetics are important influences. Ok so the age must be an important factor. Also in the second paragraph author is only considering elderly men and women. This means that it is more prevalent at a certain age group. D is out.
B definitely has an effect but not as much as the others. B is our answer.
2. In discussing the “marked effect of gender” (Highlighted), the author assumes all of the following EXCEPT
This is a tough one.
(A) the difference in incidence of hip fractures is not due instead to different rates of bone loss.
Definitely an assumption. If it had other causes, then this doesn’t make sense.
(B) the incidence of hip fractures among elderly men as compared to elderly women is representative of the total number of bone fractures among elderly men as compared to elderly women.
Yes this also must be an assumption. If it is not the case then the author’s point makes little sense.
(C) elderly women are not more accident-prone than elderly men.
Author is trying to make a point that gender plays a critical role. If one group is accident prone, then accident is the main cause, not gender in defining the cause of the problem.
(D) the population upon which the cited statistic is based includes both African Americans and Caucasians.
Yes again essential assumption. How can you compare if one group is excluded from the population.
(E) men achieve peak bone mass at the same age as women.
It does not matter if men achieve peak bone mass at the same age as women. The statistic is only dependent on those who have achieved this peak bone mass, age at which it has been achieved is irrelevant here.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the peak amount of bone mass in women
(A) is not affected by either pregnancy or lactation.
So when the author states that additional factors influencing bone loss include physiological stresses such as pregnancy and lactation. This implies that for peak amount of bone mass pregnancy and lactation are NOT.
(B) is determined primarily by diet.
No where mentioned.
(C) depends partly upon hormonal status.
Yes for decline in skeletal mass, but there is no connection to peak amount of bone mass.
(D) may play a role in determining the rate of decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels.
Cannot find an obvious connection.
(E) is not dependent upon genetic makeup.
Definitely dependent on genetic makeup. Its stated in passage -”to a large extent by genetic inheritance”
1. Based upon the passage, which of the following is LEAST clearly a factor affecting the rate of decline in bone mass?
(A) Gender
(B) Exposure to sunlight
(C) Progesterone levels
(D) Age
”because aging and genetics are important influences in the development of such diseases.”
(E) Estrogen levels
Explantion of question 1
This is also a tricky question, purely because all of the listed ARE factors affecting the rate of decline in bone mass. Now we have to figure out which is the LEAST.
So how I will go about it is go from the most important to least. See the last paragraph says estrogen and progesterone level may exert GREATEST effect. Perfect, these are the greatest. C and E out.
A is out as well as the paragraph states – “The marked effect of gender is obvious”. It must be a critical factor. A is out.
First line of the para states ageing and genetics are important influences. Ok so the age must be an important factor. Also in the second paragraph author is only considering elderly men and women. This means that it is more prevalent at a certain age group. D is out.
B definitely has an effect but not as much as the others. B is our answer.
2. In discussing the “marked effect of gender” (Highlighted), the author assumes all of the following EXCEPT
This is a tough one.
(A) the difference in incidence of hip fractures is not due instead to different rates of bone loss.
Definitely an assumption. If it had other causes, then this doesn’t make sense.
(B) the incidence of hip fractures among elderly men as compared to elderly women is representative of the total number of bone fractures among elderly men as compared to elderly women.
Yes this also must be an assumption. If it is not the case then the author’s point makes little sense.
(C) elderly women are not more accident-prone than elderly men.
Author is trying to make a point that gender plays a critical role. If one group is accident prone, then accident is the main cause, not gender in defining the cause of the problem.
(D) the population upon which the cited statistic is based includes both African Americans and Caucasians.
Yes again essential assumption. How can you compare if one group is excluded from the population.
(E) men achieve peak bone mass at the same age as women.
It does not matter if men achieve peak bone mass at the same age as women. The statistic is only dependent on those who have achieved this peak bone mass, age at which it has been achieved is irrelevant here.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the peak amount of bone mass in women
(A) is not affected by either pregnancy or lactation.
So when the author states that additional factors influencing bone loss include physiological stresses such as pregnancy and lactation. This implies that for peak amount of bone mass pregnancy and lactation are NOT.
(B) is determined primarily by diet.
No where mentioned.
(C) depends partly upon hormonal status.
Yes for decline in skeletal mass, but there is no connection to peak amount of bone mass.
(D) may play a role in determining the rate of decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels.
Cannot find an obvious connection.
(E) is not dependent upon genetic makeup.
Definitely dependent on genetic makeup. Its stated in passage -”to a large extent by genetic inheritance”
General Discussion
04 Apr 2020, 12:21
Kudos
Bookmarks
My Answers are:
1. D (While many of the variables that affect peak bone mass also affect rates of bone loss, additional factors influencing bone loss include physiological stresses such as pregnancy and lactation. It is hormonal status,)
2. A ( nice question, and Just used Negation Test for all, rest 4 broke the conclusion)
3. A ( additional factors influencing bone loss include physiological stresses such as pregnancy and lactation. It is hormonal , Since Explicitly given for second factor only stating about the second factor, so I think this can be inferred..)
1. D (While many of the variables that affect peak bone mass also affect rates of bone loss, additional factors influencing bone loss include physiological stresses such as pregnancy and lactation. It is hormonal status,)
2. A ( nice question, and Just used Negation Test for all, rest 4 broke the conclusion)
3. A ( additional factors influencing bone loss include physiological stresses such as pregnancy and lactation. It is hormonal , Since Explicitly given for second factor only stating about the second factor, so I think this can be inferred..)
