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16 Jul 2022, 09:23
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Some psychologists claim that empathic responses are forms of moral behavior. Having observed that young children who witness another’s distress respond by expressing sadness and offering help, these psychologists believe that moral behavior begins early in life. A second group of psychologists claims that empathic response is not, by itself, moral behavior and that in order to count as moral, behavior must be based on a clear understanding of moral principles and a certain degree of moral reasoning skill. On the basis of children’s unsophisticated verbal responses to hypothetical moral dilemmas, these psychologists conclude that children lack the degree of moral reasoning skill necessary for their behavior, however compassionate, to be considered moral.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion drawn by the second group of psychologists?
(A) The children studied by the second group of psychologists displayed a slightly higher level of moral reasoning when they were well rested than when they were tired.
(B) Adults who respond to hypothetical moral dilemmas display a much higher level of moral reasoning than do children who responded to the
same hypothetical moral dilemmas.
(C) The children studied by the second group of psychologists displayed a slightly higher level of moral reasoning in response to hypothetical
dilemmas involving adults than in response to hypothetical dilemmas involving children.
(D) In actual situations involving moral dilemmas, children display a much higher level of moral reasoning than did the children who, in the study by the second group of psychologists, responded only to hypothetical dilemmas.
(E) Some adults who respond to hypothetical moral dilemmas reason at about the same level as children who respond to the same hypothetical moral dilemmas.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion drawn by the second group of psychologists?
(A) The children studied by the second group of psychologists displayed a slightly higher level of moral reasoning when they were well rested than when they were tired.
(B) Adults who respond to hypothetical moral dilemmas display a much higher level of moral reasoning than do children who responded to the
same hypothetical moral dilemmas.
(C) The children studied by the second group of psychologists displayed a slightly higher level of moral reasoning in response to hypothetical
dilemmas involving adults than in response to hypothetical dilemmas involving children.
(D) In actual situations involving moral dilemmas, children display a much higher level of moral reasoning than did the children who, in the study by the second group of psychologists, responded only to hypothetical dilemmas.
(E) Some adults who respond to hypothetical moral dilemmas reason at about the same level as children who respond to the same hypothetical moral dilemmas.
04 Jan 2023, 18:32
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Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion drawn by the second group of psychologists? So, its a WEAKEN question.
The second group of psychologists concludes that children lack the degree of moral reasoning skill necessary for their behavior, however compassionate, to be considered moral.
Basis for this conclusion is the children’s unsophisticated verbal responses to hypothetical moral dilemmas.
So the assumption is that responses to 'hypothetical moral dilemmas' are a true reflection of responses in actual moral dilemmas. To weaken the conclusion, we need to attack this assumption.
(A) The children studied by the second group of psychologists displayed a slightly higher level of moral reasoning when they were well rested than when they were tired. - Out of scope.
(B) Adults who respond to hypothetical moral dilemmas display a much higher level of moral reasoning than do children who responded to the same hypothetical moral dilemmas. Out of scope, issue is not a comparison between adults and children.
(C) The children studied by the second group of psychologists displayed a slightly higher level of moral reasoning in response to hypothetical dilemmas involving adults than in response to hypothetical dilemmas involving children. Out of scope. The argument says 'young children who witness another’s distress ' - whom it involves is out of scope
(D) In actual situations involving moral dilemmas, children display a much higher level of moral reasoning than did the children who, in the study by the second group of psychologists, responded only to hypothetical dilemmas. - CORRECT - attacks the assumption of the conclusion.
(E) Some adults who respond to hypothetical moral dilemmas reason at about the same level as children who respond to the same hypothetical moral dilemmas. Out of scope again, issue is not a comparison between adults and children.
The second group of psychologists concludes that children lack the degree of moral reasoning skill necessary for their behavior, however compassionate, to be considered moral.
Basis for this conclusion is the children’s unsophisticated verbal responses to hypothetical moral dilemmas.
So the assumption is that responses to 'hypothetical moral dilemmas' are a true reflection of responses in actual moral dilemmas. To weaken the conclusion, we need to attack this assumption.
(A) The children studied by the second group of psychologists displayed a slightly higher level of moral reasoning when they were well rested than when they were tired. - Out of scope.
(B) Adults who respond to hypothetical moral dilemmas display a much higher level of moral reasoning than do children who responded to the same hypothetical moral dilemmas. Out of scope, issue is not a comparison between adults and children.
(C) The children studied by the second group of psychologists displayed a slightly higher level of moral reasoning in response to hypothetical dilemmas involving adults than in response to hypothetical dilemmas involving children. Out of scope. The argument says 'young children who witness another’s distress ' - whom it involves is out of scope
(D) In actual situations involving moral dilemmas, children display a much higher level of moral reasoning than did the children who, in the study by the second group of psychologists, responded only to hypothetical dilemmas. - CORRECT - attacks the assumption of the conclusion.
(E) Some adults who respond to hypothetical moral dilemmas reason at about the same level as children who respond to the same hypothetical moral dilemmas. Out of scope again, issue is not a comparison between adults and children.
07 Apr 2025, 01:14
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"On the basis of children’s unsophisticated verbal responses to hypothetical moral dilemmas, these psychologists conclude that children lack the degree of moral reasoning skill necessary for their behavior, however compassionate, to be considered moral."
(A) The children studied by the second group of psychologists displayed a slightly higher level of moral reasoning when they were well rested than when they were tired.
Irrelevant - we are given that those children lack degree of moral reasoning skill so its breakdown doesn't provide us with an info to weaken the argument.
(B) Adults who respond to hypothetical moral dilemmas display a much higher level of moral reasoning than do children who responded to the
same hypothetical moral dilemmas.
Irrelevant - Comparison between adults and children's outcome to hypothetical moral dilemmas is not helpful for us.
(C) The children studied by the second group of psychologists displayed a slightly higher level of moral reasoning in response to hypothetical
dilemmas involving adults than in response to hypothetical dilemmas involving children.
Irrelevant - we are given that those children lack degree of moral reasoning skill so the breakdown of different "hypothetical dilemmas" doesn't provide us with an info to weaken the argument.
(D) In actual situations involving moral dilemmas, children display a much higher level of moral reasoning than did the children who, in the study by the second group of psychologists, responded only to hypothetical dilemmas.
Correct - this weakens the confidence that "hypothetical dilemmas" can't be used to generalise the children lack the degree of moral reasoning skill necessary for their behavior.
(E) Some adults who respond to hypothetical moral dilemmas reason at about the same level as children who respond to the same hypothetical moral dilemmas.
Irrelevant - Comparison between adults and children's outcome to hypothetical moral dilemmas is not helpful for us.
(A) The children studied by the second group of psychologists displayed a slightly higher level of moral reasoning when they were well rested than when they were tired.
Irrelevant - we are given that those children lack degree of moral reasoning skill so its breakdown doesn't provide us with an info to weaken the argument.
(B) Adults who respond to hypothetical moral dilemmas display a much higher level of moral reasoning than do children who responded to the
same hypothetical moral dilemmas.
Irrelevant - Comparison between adults and children's outcome to hypothetical moral dilemmas is not helpful for us.
(C) The children studied by the second group of psychologists displayed a slightly higher level of moral reasoning in response to hypothetical
dilemmas involving adults than in response to hypothetical dilemmas involving children.
Irrelevant - we are given that those children lack degree of moral reasoning skill so the breakdown of different "hypothetical dilemmas" doesn't provide us with an info to weaken the argument.
(D) In actual situations involving moral dilemmas, children display a much higher level of moral reasoning than did the children who, in the study by the second group of psychologists, responded only to hypothetical dilemmas.
Correct - this weakens the confidence that "hypothetical dilemmas" can't be used to generalise the children lack the degree of moral reasoning skill necessary for their behavior.
(E) Some adults who respond to hypothetical moral dilemmas reason at about the same level as children who respond to the same hypothetical moral dilemmas.
Irrelevant - Comparison between adults and children's outcome to hypothetical moral dilemmas is not helpful for us.
