There have been many estimates for when the earth's inner core was formed, but scientists have used new data which indicate that the Earth's inner core was formed 1-1.5 billion years ago as it 'froze' from the surrounding molten iron outer core.
Option Elimination -
A. There have been many estimates for when the earth's inner core was formed, but scientists have used new data which indicate that the Earth's inner core was formed 1-1.5 billion years ago as it 'froze' from the surrounding molten iron outer core - Data is a plural form of singular "Datum." "Data" plural and "indicate" plural verb are ok.
B. There has been many estimates for when the earth's inner core was formed, but scientists who have used new data indicating that the Earth's inner core was formed 1-1.5 billion years ago as it 'froze' from the surrounding molten iron outer core - "has been" and "estimates" - SV issue.
C. There has been many estimates which indicates that the Earth's inner core was formed 1-1.5 billion years ago, but scientists have used new data for when the earth's inner core was formed as it 'froze' from the surrounding molten iron outer core - the same issue as in B.
D. There have been many estimates, but scientists have used new data for when the earth's inner core was formed as it 'froze' from the surrounding molten iron outer core which indicates that the Earth's inner core was formed 1-1.5 billion years ago - "which" need to refer to "data." As the data indicates that the Earth's inner core was formed 1-1.5 billion years ago.
E. There have been many estimates for when the earth's inner core was formed, but scientists have used new data which indicates that the Earth's inner core was formed 1-1.5 billion years ago as it 'froze' from the surrounding molten iron outer core - "data" which is plural and the verb "indicates" singular.