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The correct answer is E.

A and C try to make broad rules connecting the number of projects to GDP or total money spent. We cannot prove this, because a country could spend a massive amount of money on just one giant project, or very little money on thousands of tiny ones.

B confuses percentages with absolute dollars. 12% of Argentina's GDP is likely a vastly different dollar amount than 15% of the Soviet Union's GDP. We cannot compare the actual money spent without knowing the size of their total economies.

D tries to predict the future and assumes facts about the number of projects in India and Argentina, which the prompt never mentions.
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A) -> There is no way to find a relation between number of public works projects vs GDP. option A is not at all supported.
B) -> We do not know India's, Argentina's or the Soviet Union's GDP to know exactly how much they spent on infrastructure. Option B is also not supported.
C) -> Same as above, we do not know how much money has been spent by any of the nations to find any relation between money spent and number of public works projects. Also not supported.
D) -> Cannot comment about the future since the information provided doesn't. Not supported.
E) -> Argentina increased the percentage of GDP spent to 12% from a lesser percentage. This is less than the Soviet Union's penultimate declined percentage of 15% from 24%. Therefore we can say that in that period, the Soviet Union consistently spent a larger percentage of it's GDP than Argentina. Best supported option.

Answer is E.
Bunuel
The number of public works projects commissioned by the Soviet Union government dropped from 95,000 in 1970 to 70,000 in 1980. Spending on infrastructure in Soviet Union peaked at 24 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), in 1958, and was only 15 percent of the GDP in 1980. During this period, when Soviet Union’s percentage was steadily declining, India and Argentina increased the percentage of their GDP’s spent on infrastructure to 20 percent and 12 percent, respectively.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?

A. How big a nation’s GDP is directly related to the number of public works projects the nation commissions.

B. Argentina and India spent more money on infrastructure in 1980 than did Soviet Union.

C. How much money a nation spends on infrastructure is directly related to the number of public works projects commissioned in that nation.

D. Both India and Argentina will soon surpass Soviet Union in the number of public works projects commissioned.

E. Between 1958 and 1980, Soviet Union consistently spent a larger percentage of its GDP on infrastructure than did Argentina.

 


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ANSWER : E

A : There is no mention about how big a nation's GDP is. WRONG.

B : We cannot conjecture how much money those countries spent on infrastructure purely based on the percentage. WRONG

C : There is no mention about the number of projects. WRONG

D: There is no mention about the number of projects of India and ARG. Wrong.

E : correct.
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CountryYearNumber of public works projectsSpending on infrastructure as % of GDP
Soviet Union195824%
Soviet Union197095,000
Soviet Union198070,00015%

During this period, India and Argentina increased % of GDP spent on infrastructure to 20% and 12% respectively.

Find the conclusion

A. There may be a correlation between the two but this can not be concluded from the argument which is not concerned with size of GDP and its relation with number of public work projects.
Incorrect

B. Since % of GDP spent on infrastructure is provided but absolute value of GDP is not provided, absolute amount of money can not be derived.
Incorrect

C. Since absolute amount of money spent on infrastructure can not be derived from the argument (% of GDP figures are provided), any conclusion based on amount of money spent on infrastructure can not be derived.
Incorrect

D. The statement is a judgement or a prediction but can not be concluded from the premises provided in the argument. The data for the number of public work projects for India and Argentina are not provided.
Incorrect

E. Since Argentina increased its % of GDP spending on infrastructure to 12% and Soviet Union reached its lowest spending at 15% of GDP in 1980, it can be concluded that Soviet Union consistently spent larger % of GDP on infrastructure than did Argentina between 1958 and 1980.
Correct

IMO E
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Correct Answer = option E

Reasoning: Passage tells us that the decline in expenditure on infra was lowest at 15% of GDP in 1980 for Soviet Union and during this period Argentina increased it to 12 %. Therefore we can deduce that between the 1958 and 1980 Soviet Union did spend % of GDP on Infrastrucure than Argentina.
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This is a inference qn.

A. How big a nation's GDP is directly related to the number of public works
projects the nation commissions. Incorrect the passage is about the soviet union but the choice is about all nations and the passage merely gives two point (1970 & 80) and that is not enough for a universal relationshp.

B. Argentina and India spent more money on infrastructure in 1980 than did Soviet
Union. Incorrect No data on the actual number, only the percentage is given.

C. How much money a nation spends on infrastructure is directly related to the
number of public works projects commissioned in that nation. Incorrect, same a A

D. Both India and Argentina will soon surpass Soviet Union in the number of public
works projects commissioned. Incorrect We cant prove the future based on the historical data

E. Between 1958 and 1980, Soviet Union consistently spent a larger percentage of
its GDP on infrastructure than did Argentina. Correct If the SU's min is 15% and the Arg's max is 12%, we could certainly tell SU's percentage is consistently high
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Argentina even after increasing their percentage to 12 percent is below than Soviet Union's low of 15 percent in 1980. Hence E
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C> The paragrph strts with public work spending and immediately mentions Infra projects,
comparing it with percemtg eGDP spending amounts , so there must be some corelation between GDP and infra projects spending
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The correct answer option is E.

Let's look at all the options:
A: Although the paragraph shows individual nation data points, there is no direct relation stated in the paragraph. So, this cannot be the answer.

B: Only percentages are mentioned in the paragraph, no actual amount spent. Hence this may or may not be true.

C: While Soviet Union's spending number and percentage both went down, we cannot assume a direct relation for all nations.
Other factors like cost efficiency and project scale are also some of the major factors. Hence, this is not our answer.

D:The paragraph mentions the increasing percentage of GDP spent by Argentina and India, but there is no mention of the number of projects they commissioned or their future growth. Hence this is also not our answer.

E: In the paragraph, it clearly states that Soviet Union's spent reduced to 15% in 1980 which is still greater than Argentina's spend - 12%. Hence this is our correct answer.
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A. No information about GDP. size
B. Only % given, not GDPs
C. A country's trend isnt enough to establish a direct relationship
D. Just a prediction, no justification
E. Aha! %of soviet was between 15 and 24%, but Argentina by 1980 was 12% hence below soviets.
hence soviet was always higher.
Answer E
Bunuel
The number of public works projects commissioned by the Soviet Union government dropped from 95,000 in 1970 to 70,000 in 1980. Spending on infrastructure in Soviet Union peaked at 24 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), in 1958, and was only 15 percent of the GDP in 1980. During this period, when Soviet Union’s percentage was steadily declining, India and Argentina increased the percentage of their GDP’s spent on infrastructure to 20 percent and 12 percent, respectively.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?

A. How big a nation’s GDP is directly related to the number of public works projects the nation commissions.

B. Argentina and India spent more money on infrastructure in 1980 than did Soviet Union.

C. How much money a nation spends on infrastructure is directly related to the number of public works projects commissioned in that nation.

D. Both India and Argentina will soon surpass Soviet Union in the number of public works projects commissioned.

E. Between 1958 and 1980, Soviet Union consistently spent a larger percentage of its GDP on infrastructure than did Argentina.

 


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I got option E !! I feel this is a very logical question
-- so here from the passage states Sov Uni -- 24% --> 15% and Argen -- 12 % -- >12 % so my pre thinking was Sov uni Always > Argn despite decrease
so ,, Option A - size but never states passage about size so eliminate ,, option b - money trap - Message Neighbor talks about money it gives us GDP percentage ,, option C - Directly related -- very strong word also passage never gave us data ,, option D -- talking about future also very Irrelevant .
-- and option e -- shows us why gdp of spending of sov uni that gives us reasoning 24% -- > 12% different from my ereasoning but its right !!
---- If anybody has any better solution or any better Reasoning feel free to share
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A - There is no mentioned relation between a nation's GDP and the number of public work projects a nation commissions. INCONSISTENT.
B - No direct correlation or comparison between the amounts spent. INCONSISTENT.
C – No relation is mentioned in the passage between money spent on infrastructure and the number of public works projects. INCONSISTENT.
D - Cannot be inferred. Wrong
E – Clearly mentioned in the passage: Soviet union Spent more (% of GDP) on infrastructure than Argentina. CORRECT
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Let's first get on with the facts given in the argument:
1. From 1970 to 1980 the Russian government decreased the number of public work projects.
2. The percentage of GDP spending on this project decreased by 9%.

Now we have some other information about two different countries, India and Argentina, which have increased their GDP spending percentage on their public work projects to 20% and 12% respectively in the given time period.

My pre-thinking in inference questions is simply that: come up with a statement which cannot be inferred from the given facts. Like here we cannot infer absolute numbers to compare all these countries. Also we cannot be sure that a decrease in the percentage of GDP spending in Russia means a decrease in the absolute value of spending. May be the country's GDP increased overall substantially so that 24% in 1970 is less than 15% in 1980 in terms of absolute value.
Bunuel
The number of public works projects commissioned by the Soviet Union government dropped from 95,000 in 1970 to 70,000 in 1980. Spending on infrastructure in Soviet Union peaked at 24 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), in 1958, and was only 15 percent of the GDP in 1980. During this period, when Soviet Union’s percentage was steadily declining, India and Argentina increased the percentage of their GDP’s spent on infrastructure to 20 percent and 12 percent, respectively.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?

A. How big a nation’s GDP is directly related to the number of public works projects the nation commissions.

B. Argentina and India spent more money on infrastructure in 1980 than did Soviet Union.

C. How much money a nation spends on infrastructure is directly related to the number of public works projects commissioned in that nation.

D. Both India and Argentina will soon surpass Soviet Union in the number of public works projects commissioned.

E. Between 1958 and 1980, Soviet Union consistently spent a larger percentage of its GDP on infrastructure than did Argentina.

 


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Let us move on with answer choice analysis.
A - Similar to our PT that there is no causation between the premises. Can't be inferred.
B - No absolute numbers can be inferred from the precentage given. Can't be inferred.
C - No causation given in the argument. Can't be inferred.
D - no absolute numbers can be inferred from the percentage given. Can't be inferred.
E - fact: Soviet Union spending decreased from 24 to 15 whereas Argentina's spending percentage increased to 12% in the given time period. Therefore we can safely conclude that in terms of percentage of their individual economies Russia consistently spent more than Argentina (Only in terms of percentage). Therefore Can be inferred.

The pre-thinking which I came up with is helpful when the level of inference question rises to 705 plus so hope it helps
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The question type is inference- to infer conclusion (that must be true) based on the information provided

Quick snapshot of information-
1. Number of public works projects as well % expenditure spent on infra has consistently declined in Soviet Union from 1970 to 1980 (15%). The highest % of GDP spent on infra by SU was in 1958 at 24%

2. In the said period (from 1958 to 1980), the % of GDP spent on infra has increased for India and Argentina

Pre-thinking: Inferences that can be drawn are-
1. SU's expenditure percentage for infra has consistently declined to 15% (should be lowest in 1980 since 1958)
2. While the percentage for SU has declined on infra, we still don't know the actual numbers for any countries
3. The actual spending given for SU is of public works project and not the total expenditure on infra

Analyzing answer choices:

A. We have no information at all about the total GDP of any country, so no correlation can be built at all- Eliminate
B. Incorrect
C. Out of scope - Incorrect
D. Incorrect again- no such information is provided. Who knows, India and Argentina may already spend more on PW projects than SU
E. Correct- See the prethinking. Argentina's % spending has increased in this period, so its max should be 12% while SU's minimum in this period should be 15%
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A. There is no data on a nation GDP given hence irrelevant
B. We have no actual amounts spent just percentages
C. We cannot conclusively confirm this based on the data given
D. There is no reason to conclude or predict this because we have no sufficient info
E. This can clearly be observed (Soviet 15-24) versus Argentina (12)
Ans E
Bunuel
The number of public works projects commissioned by the Soviet Union government dropped from 95,000 in 1970 to 70,000 in 1980. Spending on infrastructure in Soviet Union peaked at 24 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), in 1958, and was only 15 percent of the GDP in 1980. During this period, when Soviet Union’s percentage was steadily declining, India and Argentina increased the percentage of their GDP’s spent on infrastructure to 20 percent and 12 percent, respectively.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?

A. How big a nation’s GDP is directly related to the number of public works projects the nation commissions.

B. Argentina and India spent more money on infrastructure in 1980 than did Soviet Union.

C. How much money a nation spends on infrastructure is directly related to the number of public works projects commissioned in that nation.

D. Both India and Argentina will soon surpass Soviet Union in the number of public works projects commissioned.

E. Between 1958 and 1980, Soviet Union consistently spent a larger percentage of its GDP on infrastructure than did Argentina.

 


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Soviet’s percentage never fell below 15%, Argentina never exceeded 20%, so Soviet was always higher. Other options need GDP values we don’t have.

Bunuel
The number of public works projects commissioned by the Soviet Union government dropped from 95,000 in 1970 to 70,000 in 1980. Spending on infrastructure in Soviet Union peaked at 24 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), in 1958, and was only 15 percent of the GDP in 1980. During this period, when Soviet Union’s percentage was steadily declining, India and Argentina increased the percentage of their GDP’s spent on infrastructure to 20 percent and 12 percent, respectively.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?

A. How big a nation’s GDP is directly related to the number of public works projects the nation commissions.

B. Argentina and India spent more money on infrastructure in 1980 than did Soviet Union.

C. How much money a nation spends on infrastructure is directly related to the number of public works projects commissioned in that nation.

D. Both India and Argentina will soon surpass Soviet Union in the number of public works projects commissioned.

E. Between 1958 and 1980, Soviet Union consistently spent a larger percentage of its GDP on infrastructure than did Argentina.

 


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A. How big a nation’s GDP is directly related to the number of public works projects the nation commissions. cannot be generalised from ussr data

B. Argentina and India spent more money on infrastructure in 1980 than did Soviet Union.only percentage given, total not given

C. How much money a nation spends on infrastructure is directly related to the number of public works projects commissioned in that nation.data for India & argentina not given

D. Both India and Argentina will soon surpass Soviet Union in the number of public works projects commissioned. future not predicted

E. Between 1958 and 1980, Soviet Union consistently spent a larger percentage of its GDP on infrastructure than did Argentina.correct. While ussr decreased to 15%, argentina was 12%

Ans E
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