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Premise:
PWP have dropped
Spending on infrastructure is 24% to 15% from 1958 to 1980, consistently declined for Soviet Union.
India and Argentina increased to 20% and 12% in same period.

(A) We have not provided enough information to prove this relationship

(B) Percentage values are provided, we can’t know the numbers based on it so can’t tell which one has spent more based on it.

(C) We haven’t provided enough information based on on it

(D) We don’t have future information to conclude this

(E) This is correct. As any value between 24 and 15 (Soviet Union) is consistently higher than 12 and lower percentage (Argentina)
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Choice C.

The premises:
- In the USSR, Public projects declined from 1970 to 1980.
- In the USSR, %Spending in 1958 was less than in 1980 and was declining from 1970 to 1980.
- %Spending in India in 1980 was 20%, while Argentina was 12%.

Pre-thinking, maybe %spending might be related to the number of public projects.

Now, checking each choice.
A: Knowing %spending per GDP doesn't tell us the size of GDP -> wrong
B: Same as A -> wrong
C: Too strong -> we can't conclude that it is directly related.
D: Completely out of scope; nowhere in the premise does it mention the trend, and its starting point.
E: Yes, in 1980 the USSR spent 15%, which is greater than 12% spending in Argentina.
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IMO : E
as we can see that project works dropped from 1970 to 1980
also the spending on infrastructured declined during this period, then maybe there is a co-relation. Checking the options
A. there is no direct link between nations gdp and public work projects
B. we cant confirm this since we only know the percentages
C. this can be the assumption, hence if we assume this, we will directly support the conclusion--KEEP
D. Again we cant confirm what is going to happen in the future
E. This can be true since argentina spent only 12% whereas Soviet Union was either 15% or 20% -- also as mentioned when the percentage for soviet union was consistently declining thet increased their percentages-- correct
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Let's try to eliminate answers one by one

A. How big a nation’s GDP is directly related to the number of public works projects the nation commissions.

Nowhere it is mentioned that Big Nations proportional to project commissioned. ELIMINATE

B. Argentina and India spent more money on infrastructure in 1980 than did Soviet Union.

Classic trap: % is not equal to absolute number. We have no clue about total money spent. ELIMINATE.

C. How much money a nation spends on infrastructure is directly related to the number of public works projects commissioned in that nation.

Projects commissioned is not equivalent to spending on infrastructure

D. Both India and Argentina will soon surpass Soviet Union in the number of public works projects commissioned.

We can't predict the future based on the given information. ELIMINATE

E. Between 1958 and 1980, Soviet Union consistently spent a larger percentage of its GDP on infrastructure than did Argentina.

This is the correct answer because Russia's spending went from 24% to 15% while Argentina's increased up to 12% in 1980.

Therefore E is the correct answer
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The argument talks about pub projects rate decrease and also the change in infra spending by soviet union across GDP.
Conclusion - Major public commissioned projects are related to infrastructure. Therefore infra spending rate increase or decrease is directly related to public commissioned projects.

Ans - C
Bunuel
The number of public works projects commissioned by the Soviet Union government dropped from 95,000 in 1970 to 70,000 in 1980. Spending on infrastructure in Soviet Union peaked at 24 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), in 1958, and was only 15 percent of the GDP in 1980. During this period, when Soviet Union’s percentage was steadily declining, India and Argentina increased the percentage of their GDP’s spent on infrastructure to 20 percent and 12 percent, respectively.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?

A. How big a nation’s GDP is directly related to the number of public works projects the nation commissions.

B. Argentina and India spent more money on infrastructure in 1980 than did Soviet Union.

C. How much money a nation spends on infrastructure is directly related to the number of public works projects commissioned in that nation.

D. Both India and Argentina will soon surpass Soviet Union in the number of public works projects commissioned.

E. Between 1958 and 1980, Soviet Union consistently spent a larger percentage of its GDP on infrastructure than did Argentina.

 


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1) Cannot be concluded, there is no correlation like this mentioned in the given information
2) Not necessarily true, just because a higher percentage of GDP was spent does not mean more money was spent ~ If the base GDP of soviet union is significantly larger then even with smaller percentage of GDP, the absolute amount invested could be much higher.
3) Cannot be concluded, no such correlation is drawn in the argument
4) Nothing like this is mentioned for us to be able to conclude this
5) True, can be concluded. It is clearly mentioned that india and argentina have now started increasing % of GDP which means earlier argentia was spending lower than 1% of GDP whereas Societ Union during that time period was spending 24% of their GDP.
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Which of the following conclusion follows from the passage:

A) percentages of GDP spent on infrastructure for different countries is given. we do not know the GDP of these countries themselves. Also. it would be incorrect to equate number of public works commissioned to infrastructure expenditure b/c infrastructure is not necessarily always public works.
B) Again we are given percentage of GDP spent on infrastructure and do not know the money spent on it. A small percentage of a very large GDP could still be greater amount than a bigger share of a smaller GDP.
C) Incorrect for the same reason that we do not know the money spent on infrastructure by these countries. we are only quoted the share of their GDP spent on infrastructure.
D) Cannot quote anything for the future. We cannot infer that.
E) In 1958, SU spent 24% of GDP on infrastructure, Argentina , passage says , increased the share of GDP spent on infrastructure, which means SU share of GDP spent on infrastructure was greater than that of Argentina in 1958. In 1980, SU's share of GDP was 15% while that of Argentina was 12%. Still SU spent a greater share. Correct answer.
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premise: soviet union public projects dropped from 95k to 70k. Infrastructure spending decreased from 24% to 15% of GDP. India and Argentina increased infra spending to 20% and 12 % of GDP respectively

Analysing answer choices
A) Out of scope. Argument gives no info about GDP size
B) Comapares actual money. Argument discusses percentages
C) Too broad. Generalises a causal relationship from one country's data
D) Unsupported future prediction
E) This is supported. SU spending declined from 24 % to 15%. I t was atleast 15% in the period which is always greater than 12% which was reached by Argentina by 1980
Throughout the period, SU % sopending was higher.

E is the answer
Bunuel
The number of public works projects commissioned by the Soviet Union government dropped from 95,000 in 1970 to 70,000 in 1980. Spending on infrastructure in Soviet Union peaked at 24 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), in 1958, and was only 15 percent of the GDP in 1980. During this period, when Soviet Union’s percentage was steadily declining, India and Argentina increased the percentage of their GDP’s spent on infrastructure to 20 percent and 12 percent, respectively.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?

A. How big a nation’s GDP is directly related to the number of public works projects the nation commissions.

B. Argentina and India spent more money on infrastructure in 1980 than did Soviet Union.

C. How much money a nation spends on infrastructure is directly related to the number of public works projects commissioned in that nation.

D. Both India and Argentina will soon surpass Soviet Union in the number of public works projects commissioned.

E. Between 1958 and 1980, Soviet Union consistently spent a larger percentage of its GDP on infrastructure than did Argentina.

 


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Public works projects commissioned by SU. 1970: 95000 to 1980: 70,000.
Spending on infrastructure, Highest in 1958 (24%) and (14%) in 1980.
India GSP spent on infrastructure (20%)
Argentina increased GDP spent on infrastructure (12%)

A) No correlation is shown........Wrong
B) We don’t know about money spent.......Wrong
C) We can’t conclude this since we only have SU info about this in the argument.........Wrong
D) This is a prediction..... Definitely Wrong
E) Between 1958 to 1980, SU spent larger percentage of its GDP on infrastructure than Argentina. In 1980, SU spent 15% and Argentina 12%. SU percentage is higher..........CORRECT

E
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A. Irrelevant as we are never told the actual size of GDP for any of the countries, which means that we cant bring about a direct relationship here.
B. Irrelevant as the passage gives us percentages of GDP not the actual amount. So we cant know the acount amount of money spent here.
C. Irrelevant as its too strong to infer a general rule here since we have data for only one country which is also a percentage of GDP. Without having more data on project numbers a direct relationship cant be claimed
D. Irrelevant as its just pure speculation since there is no information given about the number of projects in India or Argentina
E. Relevant since we are given that Soviet Union's percentage declined from 24% in 1958 to 15% in 1980. Argentina increased its spending to its highest point of 12% in 1980. Given that, Soviet Union's 15% is higher than Argentina's 12%, we can say that the Soviet Union must have consistently spent a larger percentage of its GDP than Argentina

E.
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So option E is correct because spending on infrastructure in Soviet Union watch at least 15% between 1958 and 1980, but in case of Argentina, it’s maximum value spent is 12% so we can conclude that Soviet Union consistently spent larger percentage of its GDP on infrastructure than Argentina

Option A is incorrect because in sentence, one and sentence to both information are given, but argument did not say they are related to each other so we cannot conclude it

Option B is incorrect because information here is only about percentage not about the amount spent by any country

option C incorrect because again we don’t have any information about the exact money and spend on infrastructure.

D is incorrect Because we don’t have any information that what will happen in future
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IMO - Answer is C
The way argument is written I feel it is pointing us towards the causality like public work project going down due to decline /less Infra GDP and this is the reason and then at last additionally argument give info of India and Argentina.
Then it asked what is the conclusion in Argument very different rare question in my view but good one so I choose option C I maybe wrong but I went with C because I could easily falsify other options.

A - Nowhere it mentioned nation GDP it says GDP part in Infra
B - India and Argentina spent more money we can't say from percentage only.
D- We can't Say India & Argentina will surpass
E - we can't say this also in 1958 it have 24 and then reduce to 15 and Argentina went up to 20 Ahh maybe if we consider 12 it is correct but now I feel this could be the answer but Author wants to share this Awkard if this is the answer
SO IN MY OPINION C but if E is the answer could be possible logically by number but not my common sense. Thanks!
Bunuel
The number of public works projects commissioned by the Soviet Union government dropped from 95,000 in 1970 to 70,000 in 1980. Spending on infrastructure in Soviet Union peaked at 24 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), in 1958, and was only 15 percent of the GDP in 1980. During this period, when Soviet Union’s percentage was steadily declining, India and Argentina increased the percentage of their GDP’s spent on infrastructure to 20 percent and 12 percent, respectively.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?

A. How big a nation’s GDP is directly related to the number of public works projects the nation commissions.

B. Argentina and India spent more money on infrastructure in 1980 than did Soviet Union.

C. How much money a nation spends on infrastructure is directly related to the number of public works projects commissioned in that nation.

D. Both India and Argentina will soon surpass Soviet Union in the number of public works projects commissioned.

E. Between 1958 and 1980, Soviet Union consistently spent a larger percentage of its GDP on infrastructure than did Argentina.

 


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If we tabulate the information by years and countries, it becomes a lot easier to draw inferences and trends.

Country | 1958 spend (%GDP) | 1980 spend (%GDP)
Soviet Union* | 24 | 15
India | | 20
Argentina | | 12
*Public works projects dropped from 1970-80 by 25000.

A is not supported, as the passage says nothing about the absolute value of GDP, so we cannot compare. Also, the public work project details for India and Argentina are not given.

B is again not supported as it speaks in absolute terms whereas the information is given in percentage terms. For all we know, the Soviet Union may have a bigger GDP, leading to higher spend.

C again has the same problem as there is no info given on spend or GDP size in absolute terms.

D is same as C - lack of info so cannot determine.

E The range between 24% and 15% are all percentages greater than 12% (look at table), so, this is true. Hence, this is the correct option.
Bunuel
The number of public works projects commissioned by the Soviet Union government dropped from 95,000 in 1970 to 70,000 in 1980. Spending on infrastructure in Soviet Union peaked at 24 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), in 1958, and was only 15 percent of the GDP in 1980. During this period, when Soviet Union’s percentage was steadily declining, India and Argentina increased the percentage of their GDP’s spent on infrastructure to 20 percent and 12 percent, respectively.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?

A. How big a nation’s GDP is directly related to the number of public works projects the nation commissions.

B. Argentina and India spent more money on infrastructure in 1980 than did Soviet Union.

C. How much money a nation spends on infrastructure is directly related to the number of public works projects commissioned in that nation.

D. Both India and Argentina will soon surpass Soviet Union in the number of public works projects commissioned.

E. Between 1958 and 1980, Soviet Union consistently spent a larger percentage of its GDP on infrastructure than did Argentina.

 


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Ans - Option E

Option A: No relationship can be established since number of projects are not given for India and Argentina. Also scale of GDP is not given for any nation.
Option B: No dollar amounts given, only percentages.
Option C: Neither money nor number of projects are given for India and Argentina
Option D: No forecast commentary is given, can't establish
Option E: Soviet Union did infact spent 15% (their lowest) vs Argentina (12%). Apples to apples comparison. Fact. Right Answer.

Bunuel
The number of public works projects commissioned by the Soviet Union government dropped from 95,000 in 1970 to 70,000 in 1980. Spending on infrastructure in Soviet Union peaked at 24 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), in 1958, and was only 15 percent of the GDP in 1980. During this period, when Soviet Union’s percentage was steadily declining, India and Argentina increased the percentage of their GDP’s spent on infrastructure to 20 percent and 12 percent, respectively.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?

A. How big a nation’s GDP is directly related to the number of public works projects the nation commissions.

B. Argentina and India spent more money on infrastructure in 1980 than did Soviet Union.

C. How much money a nation spends on infrastructure is directly related to the number of public works projects commissioned in that nation.

D. Both India and Argentina will soon surpass Soviet Union in the number of public works projects commissioned.

E. Between 1958 and 1980, Soviet Union consistently spent a larger percentage of its GDP on infrastructure than did Argentina.

 


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What does the passage actually give us:
1. Spending of Soviet Union for infra:
- 1958: 24% of GDP (at peak)
- 1980: 15% of GDP
2. Public works projects:
- 1970: 95k
- 1980: 70k
3. Increase of % of GDP's of:
- Argentina: 12% of GDA
- India: 20% of GDP


Let' go through the process of elimination:

(A): There is no reference of size of GDP - Eliminated
(B): Again, we are given percentages of GDP in the passage, not the actual GDP's, no support for this. - Eliminated
(C): No data for for this other than for Soviet Union, cant compare. -Eliminated
(D): No information in passage regarding the project counts for India and Argentina. - Eliminated

(E) Now, here, the information given in the passage is sufficient to prove this, the decline in spend as % of GDP of soviet union went from 24% - > 15%, i.e, 15% is the lowest at that point, and Argentina rose to 12%, i.e, 12% is the highest at that point, i.e, in simpler terms

as a percentage of GDP: 15% > 12%, hence, we can safely declare (E) to be our winner.
Bunuel
The number of public works projects commissioned by the Soviet Union government dropped from 95,000 in 1970 to 70,000 in 1980. Spending on infrastructure in Soviet Union peaked at 24 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), in 1958, and was only 15 percent of the GDP in 1980. During this period, when Soviet Union’s percentage was steadily declining, India and Argentina increased the percentage of their GDP’s spent on infrastructure to 20 percent and 12 percent, respectively.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?

A. How big a nation’s GDP is directly related to the number of public works projects the nation commissions.

B. Argentina and India spent more money on infrastructure in 1980 than did Soviet Union.

C. How much money a nation spends on infrastructure is directly related to the number of public works projects commissioned in that nation.

D. Both India and Argentina will soon surpass Soviet Union in the number of public works projects commissioned.

E. Between 1958 and 1980, Soviet Union consistently spent a larger percentage of its GDP on infrastructure than did Argentina.

 


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A. No actual GDP dollar amount given - no
B.we only have percentage of GDP, not real value figures. a country could have high percentage but tinry GDP, and still spend less actual money than country with high GDP and lower percentage - No
C. Assume spending amount always tracks project counts - passage didnt estabilsh
D.This is a future prediction, but we dont even have india/ aregentia project count -
E.Directly supported by given numbers. - true

Bunuel
The number of public works projects commissioned by the Soviet Union government dropped from 95,000 in 1970 to 70,000 in 1980. Spending on infrastructure in Soviet Union peaked at 24 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), in 1958, and was only 15 percent of the GDP in 1980. During this period, when Soviet Union’s percentage was steadily declining, India and Argentina increased the percentage of their GDP’s spent on infrastructure to 20 percent and 12 percent, respectively.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?

A. How big a nation’s GDP is directly related to the number of public works projects the nation commissions.

B. Argentina and India spent more money on infrastructure in 1980 than did Soviet Union.

C. How much money a nation spends on infrastructure is directly related to the number of public works projects commissioned in that nation.

D. Both India and Argentina will soon surpass Soviet Union in the number of public works projects commissioned.

E. Between 1958 and 1980, Soviet Union consistently spent a larger percentage of its GDP on infrastructure than did Argentina.

 


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I WAS CONFUSED BETWEEN C AND E BUT I LOOKED AT THE QUESTION AND SOMEHOW FOUND THE C OPTION TO BE A BAD AS ONLY THE INFORMATION IS GIVEN FOR SOVIET UNION AND WE CANT DEDUCE FROM THAT CASES THAT OPTION C IS PRESENTING
Bunuel
The number of public works projects commissioned by the Soviet Union government dropped from 95,000 in 1970 to 70,000 in 1980. Spending on infrastructure in Soviet Union peaked at 24 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), in 1958, and was only 15 percent of the GDP in 1980. During this period, when Soviet Union’s percentage was steadily declining, India and Argentina increased the percentage of their GDP’s spent on infrastructure to 20 percent and 12 percent, respectively.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?

A. How big a nation’s GDP is directly related to the number of public works projects the nation commissions.

B. Argentina and India spent more money on infrastructure in 1980 than did Soviet Union.

C. How much money a nation spends on infrastructure is directly related to the number of public works projects commissioned in that nation.

D. Both India and Argentina will soon surpass Soviet Union in the number of public works projects commissioned.

E. Between 1958 and 1980, Soviet Union consistently spent a larger percentage of its GDP on infrastructure than did Argentina.

 


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