Unlike frogs that metamorphose from tadpoles into adults within a

You could have eliminated (D) for its faulty modification, as aragonn nicely demonstrates. But the usage of "until" is also a problem. When the word follows an action, the implication is that the action has ceased. For example, "Amy yelled at her dog until it stopped eating her father's heart medication." This sentence conveys that Amy stopped yelling once her dog stopped eating her dad's pills.

In (D) we have "mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years until they reach adulthood." So once the frogs reached adulthood, they stopped taking three to four years? That's nonsense - another reason to give (D) the boot.

I hope that helps!
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csaluja - if this helps.

On the GMAT, COMMA + VERBed -- or COMMA + adverb + VERBed -- generally serves to modify the immediately preceding noun or noun phrase.
In D, COMMA + thus restricted seems to refer to adulthood (the immediately preceding noun), implying that ADULTHOOD is thus restricted to deeper bodies of water.
Not the intended meaning.
Eliminate D.

What’s wrong with choice b.I think usage of it is wrong in this choice

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there is comparison error in choice B
comparison must be frogs to frogs..

+1 for E.

(A) it takes three to four years for the mountain yellow-legged frog of the Sierra Nevada to reach adulthood, and so they are

(B) it takes the mountain yellow-legged frog of the Sierra Nevada three to four years until it reaches adulthood, and therefore it is

(C) in the Sierra Nevada, mountain yellow-legged tree frogs take three to four years to reach adulthood, thus being

(D) mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years until they reach adulthood, thus

(E) mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years to reach adulthood, with the result that they are --> Correct, maintains parallelism, and conveys the intended meaning

Hence, E.
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As we have frogs after Unlike, we need to maintain consistency and have any other animal or different frogs. This disrupts the consistency. Hence Incorrect.



As we have frogs after Unlike, we need to maintain consistency and have any other animal or different frogs. This disrupts the consistency. Hence Incorrect.



As we have Frogs after Unlike, we need to maintain consistency and have any other animal or different frogs. This disrupts the consistency. Hence Incorrect.



Maintains consistency. Frogs compared to different kind of Frogs. But 'Take .... Until' is wrong idiomatic usage. Hence Incorrect



Maintains consistency. Frogs compared to different kind of Frogs. Also idiomatic usage corrected here. Best possible answer
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sudarshan22 why do you think option 'D' is incorrect ?

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For D, “thus restricted” doesn’t flow right to me.

Would need a “are” in there somewhere to make it work

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D would have been had it been written as -

mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years until they reach adulthood, thus restricting them to deeper bodies of water that do not dry up in summer or freeze solid in winter.

Please correct me If I am wrong.

Unlike X, Y..... is a simple vanilla idiom i have come accross many a time .. so discarded B straight away.

rahul16

Unlike frogs that metamorphose from tadpoles into adults within a one-year period, it takes three to four years for the mountain yellow-legged frog of the Sierra Nevada to reach adulthood, and so they are restricted to deeper bodies of water that do not dry up in summer or freeze solid in winter.

(D) mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years until they reach adulthood, thus

Rahul wrote


Well Rahul, according to your version, which is restricting whom in your edited version?
As such your sentence means that:

mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years until they reach adulthood, thus(mountain yellow-legged frogs) restricting mountain yellow-legged frogs to deeper bodies of water that do not dry up in summer or freeze solid in winter.

Isn't the meaning skewed here?

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GMATNinjaTwo GMATNinja

Hi GMATNinja,

I was wondering could you please explain the difference between option D and E? Can we eliminate option D solely on the basis of incorrect idiomatic use "take...until" or are there any other errors with option D?

Hi,

I am stuck with D and E.

Do we have to eliminate D for using "untill" ?

A and B are wrong since they compare ‘frogs that ….’ To a time period. C is wrong because it is improperly constructed and implies that the mountain yellow-legged frog takes three-four years to reach adulthood specifically in the Sierra Nevevada. Also there is no need for ‘the’ before Sierra Nevada. D has an error in the use of ‘until’. That implies that once the frogs reach adulthood, it no longer takes three-four years for this species to reach adulthood. This obviously makes no sense.



E is the right answer.

(E) mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years to reach adulthood, with the result that they are


I am confused with the usage of " with the result that they are". what does it mean?.

"with the result" is similar to "therefore", it showcases the outcome of an event.

For example: Bad weather caused several delays with the result that the work was not completed on time.

Hope it helps.
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Have never read this phrase anywhere else. Thanks for explaining.

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I was really confused with the phrase "with the result that they are" in answer choice (E).

Is it an adverbial modifier? I would really like some insights into it.

AndrewN PyjamaScientist

Nice question. And we meet again for a discussion on "with phrase" and this is a good question to put our understanding into practice.
Although in my previous post above you can see that the synonym of the phrase "with the result" is "therefore", which is an adverb (meaning: for that reason). So, our "with phrase" is also going to modify a verb/action in the preceding clause. Here the preceding action is, "mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years to reach adulthood. So, to answer your question, "with phrase (with the result that they are restricted to deeper bodies of water that do not dry up in summer or freeze solid in winter)" is indeed an adverbial modifier, telling us about the result of the action: frogs taking 3-4 years to reach adulthood. But, is it a phrase? I can see a subject-verb pair "they are" in it, and as per my understanding phrases do not have S-V pair. So, I am not completely sure if that qualifies as a phrase exactly, let's see what Andrewn has to say on this.
In my opinion, "with the result that" is simply standing in place of "therefore", showing the result of the previous action. But, if we have to put "therefore" in place of "with the result that" then we need a semi-colon to separate two independent clauses. Words such as,"however, therefore, moreover and furthermore" require a semi-colon before them when not used as an introductory element. Example:

I take bath every morning; therefore, I smell good all day.
The project has been approved by the board. Therefore, we will proceed with the order.

Happy to respond.
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