Unlike frogs that metamorphose from tadpoles into adults within a one-year period,
it takes three to four years for the mountain yellow-legged frog of the Sierra Nevada to reach adulthood, and so they are restricted to deeper bodies of water that do not dry up in summer or freeze solid in winter.
Option Elimination -
(A) it takes three to four years for the mountain yellow-legged frog of the Sierra Nevada to reach adulthood, and so they are - "unlike" is a comparison marker typically used with "noun," "pronoun," "gerund," or "noun phrase." So, we need another noun after a comma. There is no antecedent for "They." Wrong.
(B) it takes the mountain yellow-legged frog of the Sierra Nevada three to four years until it reaches adulthood, and therefore it is. - same as A. Additionally, the right usage of "until" is as below
"Until" is used to indicate the point in time when an action or event will stop or a condition will be met. It suggests that something will continue to happen or remain true up to a specific time or event.
Example 1: "I will wait here until you come back." In this sentence, the action of waiting will continue until the person returns. As soon as the person returns, the waiting will stop. The moment you come back, my action of "waiting" stops.
Example 2: "She studied until midnight." This sentence means that the person studied continuously, and their studying stopped at midnight. The moment it's midnight, her action of "study" stops.
Likewise, here are we saying the moment "it reaches adulthood," the action of "taking three to four years" stops? This is ridiculous. Wrong.
(C) in the Sierra Nevada, mountain yellow-legged tree frogs take three to four years to reach adulthood, thus being - Same as A. Usage of "being" as a modifier is not preferred on GMAT. The usage of "being" as a noun or passive continuous verb, such as "The car is being repaired by the mechanic," is correct.
(D) mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years until they reach adulthood, thus - usage of "until" is wrong as in B. Moreover, "ed" verbal "restricted" modifies the nearest noun, which is "adulthood," which is wrong.
(E) mountain yellow-legged frogs (MYLF) of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years to reach adulthood, with the result that they are - ok. "with the result" is used to introduce the cause and effect, consequence, or outcome of a specific action or event. However, it's important to note that "with the result" is not a standalone phrase. It is typically used as part of a larger sentence construction. E.g., Sarah studied diligently for months, with the result that she scored exceptionally well on the exam. Here "with the result" is used to explain the consequence or outcome of Sarah's diligent studying. Moreover, "with" is a preposition introducing a prepositional phrase which is adverbial modifying the previous clause "MYLF takes....blah blah..." ok