Although the hormone adrenaline is known to regulate memory storage,

Question

Although the hormone adrenaline is known to regulate memory storage, it does not pass from the blood into brain cells. We are faced with an apparent paradox: how can a hormone that does not act directly on the brain have such a large effect on brain function?

Recently, we tested the possibility that one of the hormone’s actions outside the brain might be responsible. Since one consequence of adrenaline release in an animal is an increase in blood glucose levels, we examined the effects of glucose on memory in rats. We found that glucose injected immediately after training enhances memory tested the next day.  Additional evidence  was provided by  negative findings : drugs called adrenergic antagonists, which block peripheral adrenaline receptors, disrupted adrenaline’s ability to regulate memory but did not affect memory enhancements produced by glucose that was not stimulated by adrenaline. These results are as they should be if adrenaline affects memory modulation by increasing blood glucose levels.    1 
 1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) reconcile two opposing theories
(B) compare two different explanations for a phenomenon
(C) describe experimental research that appears to support an unpopular theory
(D) present evidence that may help to resolve an apparent contradiction
(E) describe a hypothesis that has cause a controversy

2 
 2. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would most likely describe the “additional evidence” ( Highlighted ) provided by experiments with adrenergic antagonists as

(A) revolutionary
(B) disappointing
(C) incomplete
(D) unexpected
(E) corroborative

3 
 3. The passage provides information about which of the following topics?

(A) The mechanism by which glucose affects memory storage
(B) The evidence that prompted scientist to test the effects of adrenaline on memory regulation
(C) The reason that the effects of glucose on memory were tested
(D) The ways that memory storage modifies the structure of the brain
(E) The kinds of training used to test memory enhancement in rats

4 
 4. The author refers to the results of the experiment using adrenergic antagonists as  “negative findings”  (line 13) most likely because the adrenergic antagonists

(A) failed to disrupt adrenaline’s effect on memory
(B) did not affect glucose’s ability to enhance memory
(C) did not block adrenaline’s ability to increase blood glucose levels
(D) only partially affected adrenaline’s ability to enhance memory
(E) disrupted both adrenaline’s and glucose’s effect on memory

sumitkrocks · Answer

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) reconcile two opposing theories  : There are no two opposing theories 
 (B) compare two different explanations for a phenomenon " :That's the content but not the main purpose 
 (C) describe experimental research that appears to support an unpopular theory 
 (D) present evidence that may help to resolve an apparent contradiction  :  A paradox is described in the first passage and experimental evidences and fact sets are described in the 2nd passage- so this option correctly captures the crux of the passage; hence, it is the right answer  
 (E) describe a hypothesis that has cause a controversy  : No hypothesis is mentioned and no controversary is described

D is the right answer

2. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would most likely describe the “additional evidence” (Highlighted) provided by experiments with adrenergic antagonists as

The additional alternate experiment was conducted to check the behavior on memory storage in the absence of hormone adrenaline, so it is more like a corroborative effort to prove already known outcome, and the results were as expected.
 (A) revolutionary  
 (B) disappointing 
 (C) incomplete 
 (D) unexpected 
 (E) corroborative

E is the right answer

3. The passage provides information about which of the following topics?

Refer: "one consequence of adrenaline release in an animal is an increase in blood glucose levels"- the evidence is described here that prompted scientists to test the effects of adrenaline on memory regulation
 
(A) The mechanism by which glucose affects memory storage
 (B) The evidence that prompted scientist to test the effects of adrenaline on memory regulation 
(C) The reason that the effects of glucose on memory were tested
(D) The ways that memory storage modifies the structure of the brain
(E) The kinds of training used to test memory enhancement in rats

B is the right answer
 
4. The author refers to the results of the experiment using adrenergic antagonists as “negative findings” (line 13) most likely because the adrenergic antagonists

Refer: adrenaline receptors, disrupted adrenaline’s ability to regulate memory but did not affect memory enhancements produced by glucose that was not stimulated by adrenaline.

(A) failed to disrupt adrenaline’s effect on memory
 (B) did not affect glucose’s ability to enhance memory 
(C) did not block adrenaline’s ability to increase blood glucose levels
(D) only partially affected adrenaline’s ability to enhance memory
(E) disrupted both adrenaline’s and glucose’s effect on memory

B is the right answer

Hope it helps

pintukr · Answer

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
 
(A) reconcile two opposing theories
 only one theory is presented !!

(B) compare two different explanations for a phenomenon
 one explanation is only presented to resolve a paradox

(C) describe experimental research that appears to support an unpopular theory
 no mention about 'unpopular' thepry in the passage

(D) present evidence that may help to resolve an apparent contradiction
  resolution of apparent paradox regarding adrenaline function is the main purpose of the passage

(E) describe a hypothesis that has caused a controversy
 the passage doesn't describe the hypothesis; it attempts to resolve a paradox

(D) is the CORRECT answer

pintukr · Answer

2. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would most likely describe the “additional evidence” (Highlighted) provided by experiments with adrenergic antagonists as

(A) revolutionary
 additional evidence corroborates the findings related to the effects of glucose on memory in rats..'not' revolutionary

(B) disappointing
 no such hue related to the additional evidence

(C) incomplete
 not correct; since the additional evidence 'corroborates' he earlier findings

(D) unexpected
 opposite to this is true

(E) corroborative
  additional evidence corroborates the findings related to the effects of glucose on memory in rats..CORRECT answer

(E) is the CORRECT answer

pintukr · Answer

3. The passage provides information about which of the following topics?

(A) The mechanism by which glucose affects memory storage
 such a mechanism is not described in the passage

(B) The evidence that prompted scientist to test the effects of adrenaline on memory regulation
 no 'evidence' has been talked about

(C) The reason that the effects of glucose on memory were tested
  the effects of glucose were tested to resolve the paradox regarding the 'indirect' impact of adrenaline on the functioning of the brain

(D) The ways that memory storage modifies the structure of the brain
 Irrelevant, as no such information presented in the passage

(E) The kinds of training used to test memory enhancement in rats
 Out of scope answer

(C) is the CORRECT answer

pintukr · Answer

4. The author refers to the results of the experiment using adrenergic antagonists as “negative findings” (line 13) most likely because the adrenergic antagonists

(A) failed to disrupt adrenaline’s effect on memory
 It doesn't serve as contrary to the earlier findings

(B) did not affect glucose’s ability to enhance memory
  'contrary nature' vis-a-vis the positive impact due to adrenaline..CORRECT answer

(C) did not block adrenaline’s ability to increase blood glucose levels
 doesn't highlight the 'negative' impact vis-a-vis earlier experimental results

(D) only partially affected adrenaline’s ability to enhance memory
 no such partial effect is presented

(E) disrupted both adrenaline’s and glucose’s effect on memory
 incorrect statement, since there was no effect on the glucose’s effect on memory

(B) is the CORRECT answer

Although the hormone adrenaline is known to regulate memory storage,

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Although the hormone adrenaline is known to regulate memory storage,

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