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Games like poker, with hidden cards and players who bluff, present a greater challenge to artificial intelligence (AI) than games in which every player can see the whole board do. Over the last few years, computers have become aces at increasingly complicated forms of one-on-one poker, but multiplayer games take that complexity to the next level. Now, an AI program called Pluribus has outplayed more than a dozen professionals at six-player Texas Hold’em variation of poker, researchers report.
Pluribus honed its initial strategy by playing against copies of itself, starting from scratch and gradually learning which actions helped to win. Then, the AI program used that intuition for when to hold cards and when to fold them during the first betting round of each game against five human players. During subsequent betting rounds, Pluribus fine-tuned its strategy by imagining how the game might play out if it took different actions. Unlike artificial intelligence trained for two-player poker, Pluribus didn’t speculate all the way to the end of the game, which would require too many computations when dealing with so many players. Instead, the AI program imagined several moves ahead and decided what to do based on those hypothetical futures and different strategies that players could adopt. In one thousand games of Texas Hold’em, Pluribus competed against five contestants from a pool of thirteen professionals, all of whom had won more than a million dollars playing poker. Every ten games, Pluribus raked in, on average, about $480 from its human competitors, implying that Pluribus was a savvier player than its human opponents.
Now that poker is in the bag, AI could test its strategic reasoning in games with more complex hidden information. In games like Kriegspiel, a chess spin-off where players can’t see each other’s pieces, the unknowns can become far more complicated than in Texas Hold’em. Video games like StarCraft, which allow many more types of moves and free players from rigid, turn-based play, could also serve as new tests of AI cleverness.
1. Which of the following information about Pluribus does the author provide?
A. It was specially designed to play Texas Hold’em poker.
B. It avoids calculations and relies more on strategy employed in previous rounds.
C. It is now ready for more complicated games like chess and video games.
D. It adjusts its approach as a game of poker progresses.
E. It can beat amateur poker players in fewer rounds than it can beat professional poker players in.
2. The passage's description of poker implies that which of the following is true about the game?
A. Poker can be won by relying on bluffing.
B. Multiplayer poker is more complex to play than one-on-one poker is.
C. Poker comes in two-player and multiplayer forms.
D. Texas Hold’em is the most complicated variation of poker.
E. Bluffing is a specialty of multiplayer poker form.
3. The author indicates that, in comparison with poker, video games like StarCraft
A. are played only with a fixed-number of players
B. offer fewer options of moves
C. are played in a fewer number of formats
D. lack a structured mechanism of gameplay
E. feature a higher degree of complexity and uncertainty
4. The author mentions the game of Kriegspiel in order to
A. suggest that AI has more complex games to tackle
B. hint that Texas Hold’em is less complicated than Kriegspiel
C. make a comparison among games with more complex hidden information
D. explain how having more types of moves complicates a game
E. offer an example of the complexity of a chess spin-off
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1. Which of the following information about Pluribus does the author provide?A. It was specially designed to play Texas Hold’em poker.
This is wrong. As Pluribus played against itself snd evolved gradually. The final culmination is playing Texas Hold’em.
B. It avoids calculations and relies more on strategy employed in previous rounds.
It calculates and strategies asked on upcoming moves, anticipating the outcome to win the games. Option B speaks about past moves, uses a superlative comparing term more, which is not. Hence, wrong.
C. It is now ready for more complicated games like chess and video games.
The passage at the last para mentions, even though pluribus has won the Texas Hold’em. That is not the pinnacle for AI in general. There are still more players with more complex games that needs to be mastered. It’s not applicable to pluribus alone. Hence, wrong.
D. It adjusts its approach as a game of poker progresses.This is clearly illustrated in the second paragraph. That, the pluribus anticipates the moves and strategies its moves accordingly. Hence, correct answer.
E. It can beat amateur poker players in fewer rounds than it can beat professional poker players in.
This is not mentioned or stated in the passage. Hence, wrong.
Option D 2. The passage's description of poker implies that which of the following is true about the game?A. Poker can be won by relying on bluffing.
B. Multiplayer poker is more complex to play than one-on-one poker is. C. Poker comes in two-player and multiplayer forms.
D. Texas Hold’em is the most complicated variation of poker.
E. Bluffing is a specialty of multiplayer poker form.
While it’s easier to eliminate answer choices, option B and C seems to be a valid contender.
Both are true at the first glance. But, when we look at the question , this speaks about the passage in general and not specific to a particular paragraph.
Does the poker come in one on one and multiplayer mode ? The answer is a big yes. The passage is not about the game poker alone. But how ai handles the game. So, Option B which is reverberating throughout the passage seems to be a more correct answer choice compared to c.
Option B. 3. The author indicates that, in comparison with poker, video games like StarCraftA. are played only with a fixed-number of players
B. offer fewer options of moves
C. are played in a fewer number of formats
D. lack a structured mechanism of gameplay
E. feature a higher degree of complexity and uncertaintyAnother question, where the answer choices are so closely spaced. We can easily ignore A,B,C and narrow down to option D and E.
Any game or format of play, has a set of defined rules, may be that rules and relaxations might give an upper hand for players to operate in more ways than general. That doesn’t mean a structure doesn’t exist. Option D is out.
Option E -Based on the lines from the last para - “
Video games like StarCraft, which allow many more types of moves and free players from rigid, turn-based play, could also serve as new tests of AI cleverness”.
This explains the complexity is enhanced and there exists uncertainty (as it deviates from the existing pattern based method of playing).
4. The author mentions the game of Kriegspiel in order toA. suggest that AI has more complex games to tackleB. hint that Texas Hold’em is less complicated than Kriegspiel
C. make a comparison among games with more complex hidden information
D. explain how having more types of moves complicates a game
E. offer an example of the complexity of a chess spin-off.
The last para mentions the chess game to show AI has beaten Teax Hold’em poker players. But, there are still more challenging and complex game modes that needs to be mastered or conquered.
So,
option A