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It is believed that military strategists in the medieval ages used manned kites surveying enemy troops, so anticipating techniques of modern aerial surveillance.

(A) used manned kites surveying enemy troops, so anticipating techniques of
(B) were using manned kites to survey enemy troops anticipating techniques of
(C) had used manned kites, surveyed enemy troops, and anticipated techniques of
(D) used manned kites to survey enemy troops, a technique anticipating
(E) using manned kites to survey enemy troops, were anticipating techniques of
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It is believed that military strategists in the medieval ages used manned kites surveying enemy troops, so anticipating techniques of modern aerial surveillance.

(A) used manned kites surveying enemy troops, so anticipating techniques of >>> Wrong. "so anticipating" is wrong modifier, hence, coveys wrongmeaning. The strategists did not anticipate techniques. Must be "the techniques used to anticipate something".

(B) were using manned kites to survey enemy troops anticipating techniques of >>> Wrong. Because "anticipating" modifies enemy troops. that's wrong.

(C) had used manned kites, surveyed enemy troops, and anticipated techniques >>> Wrong. Not parallel

(D) used manned kites to survey enemy troops, a technique anticipating >>> Correct. Good structure and correct modifier

(E) using manned kites to survey enemy troops, were anticipating techniques of >>> Wrong. Not parallel.

So, I vote for D.
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Official Answer (OA) – D
Concepts Tested – Meaning, Verb Tense
The sentence, in its original form, makes no sense. It appears as though the kites
are doing the surveying on their own. Also the last part of the sentence after the
comma (so anticipating....) makes no logical sense with the rest of the sentence.
So eliminate A

B - Unnecessarily uses the past continuous tense. Also distorts the meaning by
making it appear as though the enemy troops were anticipating something.

C - Makes ‘used’, ‘surveyed’, and ‘anticipated’ parallel but this is not what the
sentence is implying. The manned kites were actually used to do the survey.

Between D and E, E again distorts the meaning by suggesting that the military
strategists were anticipating something. ‘Anticipating’ in the original sentence
implies ‘preceding’ or ‘was a forerunner of’. D gets this meaning across correctly
and is the best answer.
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It is believed that military strategists in the medieval ages used manned kites surveying enemy troops, so anticipating techniques of modern aerial surveillance.

(A) used manned kites surveying enemy troops, so anticipating techniques of >>> Wrong. "so anticipating" is wrong modifier, hence, coveys wrongmeaning. The strategists did not anticipate techniques. Must be "the techniques used to anticipate something".

(B) were using manned kites to survey enemy troops anticipating techniques of >>> Wrong. Because "anticipating" modifies enemy troops. that's wrong.

(C) had used manned kites, surveyed enemy troops, and anticipated techniques >>> Wrong. Not parallel

(D) used manned kites to survey enemy troops, a technique anticipating >>> Correct. Good structure and correct modifier

(E) using manned kites to survey enemy troops, were anticipating techniques of >>> Wrong. Not parallel.

So, I vote for D.


@carcass - Although I picked D, I had a doubt - a technique after the comma is modifying the entire phrase before the comma or just the enemy troops. Can you please explain.
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The sentence has a clear split of verb tense. A simple past "used" and modifier "a technique..." is best in Option D
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I think I'm starting to appreciate the Noun+Noun Modifier nuances.

Thanks e-gmat!
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Merged topics. Please, search before posting questions!
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