Same here, can connect you to several Israeli friends from my class at INSEAD, they are all over the place but I think that will give you a taste of what to expect from INSEAD in terms of geographical reach.
Feel that the US is a big unknown, and cannot comment on that. All things stayed equal, I can say that I got an VC offer in the US from INSEAD, so it is possible but you'll have to hassle.
For the 2-year, 1-year dilemma, I can only talk from experience, but I loved such a fast-paced, work hard play hard environment, in fact I miss it every day! I do agree with you that you should do some soul searching before starting the program, not to end up in consulting because it is the safest bet! Not going against consulting, if you want to do it it's a great industry, just saying that many end up there because they did not do some proper assessment of where to aim previously, and the recruitment cycle for consulting is one of the most straightforward.
For the last paragraph, I would say there are no "easier" office for tech companies, either you make the cut or you don't. If you don't get your dream job and are worried about the money, an alternative to startups would be to go corporate development programs or jobs in high paid locations that are seeking professionals (think Lux, Switzerland, Lichtenstein), and money won't be an issue. Fintech Startups are a good example, many have offices in these locations for obvious reasons, and pay higher than consulting.
Lastly, have you talked to INSEAD about your SOM scholarship? They might be interested to hear more about it

.
All the best on your choice!